2&#39;-substituted-n6-substituted purine nucleotides for rna virus treatment

ABSTRACT

The use of described compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or compositions thereof for the treatment of a host infected with an RNA virus other than HCV, or other disorder more fully described herein.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US17/50323 filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office Receiving Office on Sep. 6, 2017 that claims the benefit of provisional U.S. Application No. 62/384,664 filed on Sep. 7, 2016. The entirety of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to nucleotide compounds, compositions and uses thereof to treat RNA viruses other than HCV.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The Baltimore classification system sorts viruses into Groups, labeled I-VII, according to their genome. DNA viruses belong to Groups I, II, and VII, while RNA viruses belong to Groups III-VI. RNA viruses use ribonucleic acid as their genetic material. An RNA virus can have double-stranded (ds) RNA or single stranded RNA and can also be positive-stranded or negative-stranded. Group III viruses are double-stranded RNA viruses. Groups IV and V are both single-stranded RNA viruses, but Groups IV viruses are positive-sense and Groups V are negative-sense. Group VI are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that replicate through a DNA intermediate.

The Group III dsRNA viruses include the following eleven families: Amalgaviridae, Birnaviridae, Chrysoviridae, Cystoviridae, Endornaviridae, Endornaviridae, Hypoviridae, MAegabirnaviridae, Partitiviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Quadriviridae, Reoviridae and Totiviridae.

The Group IV positive-sense ssRNA viruses include three orders and thirty-three families. The order Nidovirales includes the following families: Arteviridae, Coronaviridae, Mesoniviridae, and Roniviridae. The order Picornavirales includes the following families: Dicistroviridae, Ifaviridae, Marnmairidae, Picornaviridae and Secoviridae. The order Tymovirales includes the following families: Alphaflexiviridae, Belaflexiviridae, Gammraflexiviridae and Tymoviridae. The following positive-sense ssRNA viruses include viruses from the following unassigned families: Alphatetraviridae, Alvernaviridae, Astroviridae, Barnaviridae, Benyviridae, Bromoviridae, Caliciviridae, Carmotetraviridae, Closteroviridae, Flaviviridae, Fusariviridae, Hepeviridae, Leviviridae, Luteoviridae, Narnaviridae, Nodaviridae, Permutotetraviridae, Potyviridae, Togaviridae, Tombusviridae and Virgaviridae.

Coronmairidae viral infections include infections with virus of the genuses Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus (which includes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)), Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus.

Flaviviridae viral infections include infections with viruses of the genera Flavivirus and Pestivirus. Flavivirus infections include Dengue fever, Kyasanur Forest disease, Powassan disease, Wesselsbron disease, West Nile fever, yellow fever, Zika virus, Rio bravo, Rocio, Negishi, and the encephalitises including: California encephalitis, central European encephalitis, Ilheus virus, Murray Valley encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese B encephalitis, Louping ill, and Russian spring-rodents summer encephalitis. Pestivirus infections include primarily livestock diseases, including swine fever in pigs, BVDV (bovine viral diarrhea virus) in cattle, and Border Disease virus infections.

Picornavirus infections include infections with viruses of the genuses Aphthovirus, Aquamavirus, Avihepatovirus, Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Dicipivirus, Enterovirus, Erbovirus, Hepatovirus, Kobuvirus, AMegrivirus, Parechovirus, Salivirus. Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, Teschovirus, and Tremovirus.

The Togaviridae family comprises four genera: Alphavirus, Arterivirus, Rubivirus and Pestivirus. The alphavirus genus contains four viruses that produce encephalitis: Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus, Western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus and the Everglades virus. In addition, the Alphavirus genus includes the Chikungunya virus, Mayaro virus, Ockelbo virus, O'nyong-nyong virus, Ross River virus, Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus (SINV). The Arterivirus genus contains a single member: the equine arteritis virus. The pestivirus genus contains three viruses of veterinary importance, namely the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), hog cholera virus and border disease virus. The only member of the Rubivirus genus is the rubella virus.

The Group V negative-sense ssRNA viruses include the order Mononegavirales. The Mononegavirales order includes, but is not limited to, the following families and viruses: Bornaviridae, Borna disease virus; Filoviridae, Ebola virus and Marburg virus; Paramyxoviridae, Measles virus, Mumps virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV); Rhabdoviridae, Rabies virus and Nvamiviridae, Nyavirus. Unassigned families and viruses include, but are not limited to: Arenaviridae, Lassa virus; Bunyaviridae, Hantavirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever; Ophioviridae and Orthomyxoviridae, influenza virus.

The Bunyaviridae family comprises more than two hundred named viruses and the family is divided into five genera: Hantavirus, Nairovirus, Orthobunyavirus, Phlebovirus and Tospovirus. The Hantavirus genus includes the Hantaan virus. The Nairovirus genus includes the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus and Dugbe viruses. The Orthobunyavirus genus is comprised of approximately one hundred seventy viruses that have been divided into multiple serogroups. The Serogroups include Anopheles A serogroup, Anopheles B serogroup, Bakau serogroup, Bunyamwera serogroup, Bwamba serogroup, California serogroup, Capim serogroup, Gamboa serogroup, Group C serogroup, Guama serogroup, Koongol serogroup, Mapputta serogroup, Minatitlan serogroup, Nyando serogroup, Olifanstlei serogroup, Patois serogroup, Simbu serogroup, Tete serogroup, Turlock serogroup, Wyeomyia serogroup and the Unclassified group. The Anopheles A serogroup includes the Anopheles A virus, Tacaiuma virus, Virgin River virus, Trombetas complex, Arumateua virus, Caraipe virus, Trombetas virus and the Tucurui virus. The Anopheles B serogroup includes the Anopheles B virus and the Boraceia virus. The Bakau serogroup includes the Bakau virus and the Nola virus. The Bunyamwera serogroup includes the Birao virus, Bozo virus, Bunyamwera virus, Cache Valley virus, Fort Sherman virus, Germiston virus, Guaroa virus, Ilesha virus, Kairi virus, Main Drain virus, Northway virus, Playas virus, Potosi virus, Shokwe virus, Stanfield virus, Tensaw virus, Xingu virus, Batai virus, Calovo virus, Chittoor virus, Garissa virus, KV-141 virus, and Ngari virus. The Bwamba serogroup includes the Bwamba and Pongola viruses. The California serogroup includes the California encephalitis virus, Chatanga virus, Inkoo virus, Jamestown Canyon virus, Jerry Slough virus, Keystone virus, Khatanga virus, La Crosse virus, Lumbo virus, Melao virus, Morro Bay virus, San Angelo virus, Serra do Navio virus, Snowshoe hare virus, South River virus, Tahyna virus, and the Trivittatus virus. The Capim serogroup includes the Acara virus, Benevides virus and the Capim virus. The Gamboa serogroup includes the Alajuela virus, Gamboa virus, Pueblo Viejo virus and San Juan virus. The Group C serogroup includes, but is not limited to, Bruconha virus, Ossa virus, Apeu virus, Brunconha virus, Caraparu virus, Vinces virus, Madrid virus, Gumbo limbo virus, Marituba virus, Murutucu virus, Nepuyo virus, Restan virus, Itaqui virus and Oriboca virus. The Guama serogroup includes, but is not limited to, the Bertioga virus, Bimiti virus, Cananeia virus, Guama virus, Guaratuba virus, Itimirim virus and Mirim virus. The Koongol serogroup includes, but is not limited to, the Koongol virus and Wongal virus. The Mapputta serogroup includes, but is not limited to, the Buffalo Creek virus, Mapputta virus, Maprik virus, Murrumbidgee virus and Salt Ash virus. The Minatitlan serogroup includes, but is not limited to, Minatitlan virus and Palestina virus. The Nyando serogroup includes, but is not limited to, Eretmapodites virus and Nyamdo virus. The Olifanstlei serogroup includes, but is not limited to, Botambi virus and Olifanstlei virus. The Patois serogroup includes, but is not limited to, Abras virus, Babahoyo virus, Pahayokee virus, Patois virus and Shark River virus. The Simbu serogroup includes, but is not limited to, Iquitos virus, Jatobal virus, Leanyer virus, Madre de Dios virus, Oropouche virus, Oya virus, Thimiri virus, Akabane virus, Tinaroo virus, Douglas virus, Sathuperi virus, Aino virus, Shuni virus, Peaton virus, Shamonda virus, Schmallenberg virus and Simbu virus. The Tete serogroup includes, but is not limited to, Batama virus and Tete virus. The Turlock serogroup includes, but is not limited to, M'Poko virus, Turlock virus and Umbre virus. The Wyeomyia serogroup includes, but is not limited to, Anhembi virus, Cachoeira Porteira virus, laco virus, Macaua virus, Sororoca virus, Taiassui virus, Tucunduba virus and Wyeomyia virus. The Unclassified serogroup includes, but is not limited to, Batama virus, Belmont virus, Enseada virus, Estero Real virus, Jurona virus, Kaeng Khei virus and Kowanyama virus. The Phlebovirus genus includes, but is not limited to, the Naples and Sicilian Sandfly Fever viruses and Rift Valley Fever virus. The Tospovirus genus includes, but is not limited to, the type species Tomato spotted wilt virus and the following species: Bean necrotic mosaic virus, Capsicum chlorosis virus, Groundnut bud necrosis virus, Groundnut ringspot virus, Groundnut yellow spot virus, Impatiens necrotic spot virus, Iris yellow spot virus, Melon yellow spot virus, Peanut bud necrosis virus, Peanut yellow spot virus, Soybean vein necrosis-associated virus, Tomato chlorotic spot virus, Tomato necrotic ringspot virus, Tomato yellow ring virus, Tomato zonate spot virus, Watermelon bud necrosis virus, Watermelon silver mottle virus and Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus.

Picornavirus infections include infections with viruses of the genuses Aphthovirus. Aquamavirus, Avihepatovirus, Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Dicipivirus, Enterovirus, Erbovirus, Hepatovirus, Kobuvirus, AMegrivirus, Parechovirus, Salivirus. Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, Teschovirus, and Tremovirus. Coronavirus infections include infections with virus of the genuses Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus (which includes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)), Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus.

United States patents and WO applications which describe nucleoside polymerase inhibitors for the treatment of viruses include those filed by Idenix Pharmaceuticals (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,812,219; 6,914,054; 7,105,493; 7,138,376; 7,148,206; 7,157,441; 7,163,929; 7,169,766; 7,192,936; 7,365,057; 7,384,924; 7,456,155; 7,547,704; 7,582,618; 7,608,597; 7,608,600; 7,625,875; 7,635,689; 7,662,798; 7,824,851; 7,902,202; 7,932,240; 7,951,789; 8,193,372; 8,299,038; 8,343,937; 8,362,068; 8,507,460; 8,637,475; 8,674,085; 8,680,071; 8,691,788, 8,742,101, 8,951,985; 9,109,001; 9,243,025; US2016/0002281; US2013/0064794; WO/2015/095305; WO/2015/081133; WO/2015/061683; WO/2013/177219; WO/2013/039920; WO/2014/137930; WO/2014/052638; WO/2012/154321); Merck (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,777,395; 7,105,499; 7,125,855; 7,202,224; 7,323,449; 7,339,054; 7,534,767; 7,632.821; 7,879.815; 8,071.568; 8,148.349; 8,470.834; 8,481,712; 8,541,434; 8,697,694; 8,715,638, 9,061,041; 9,156,872 and WO/2013/009737); Emory University (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,348,587; 6,911,424; 7,307,065; 7,495,006; 7,662,938; 7,772,208; 8,114,994; 8,168,583; 8,609,627; US 2014/0212382; and WO2014/1244430); Gilead Sciences/Pharmasset Inc. (7,842,672; 7,973,013; 8,008,264; 8,012,941; 8,012,942; 8,318,682; 8,324,179; 8,415,308; 8,455,451; 8,551,973; 8,563,530; 8,841,275; 8,853,171; 8,871,785; 8,877,733; 8,889,159; 8,906,880; 8,912,321; 8,957,045; 8,957,046; 9,045,520; 9,085,573; 9,090,642; 9,139,604; 9,206.217; 9,284,342 and 9,394,331) and (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,908,924; 6,949,522; 7,094,770; 7,211,570; 7,429,572; 7,601,820; 7,638,502; 7,718,790; 7,772,208; RE42,015; 7,919,247; 7,964,580; 8,093,380; 8,114,997; 8,173,621; 8,334.270; 8,415,322; 8,481,713; 8,492,539; 8,551,973; 8,580,765; 8,618,076; 8,629,263; 8,633,309; 8,642,756; 8,716,262; 8,716,263; 8,735,345; 8,735,372; 8,735,569; 8,759,510 and 8,765,710); Hoffman La-Roche (U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,721), Roche (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,784,166; 7,608,599, 7,608,601 and 8,071,567); Alios BioPharma Inc. (8,895,723; 8,877,731; 8,871,737, 8,846,896, 8,772,474; 8,980,865; 9,012,427; US 2015/0105341; US 2015/0011497; US 2010/0249068; US2012/0070411; WO 2015/054465; WO 2014/209979; WO 2014/100505; WO 2014/100498; WO 2013/142159; WO 2013/142157; WO 2013/096680; WO 2013/088155; WO 2010/108135), Enanta Pharmaceuticals (U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,575,119; 8,846,638; 9,085,599; WO 2013/044030; WO 2012/125900), Biota (U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,268,119; 7,285,658; 7,713,941; 8,119,607; 8,415,309; 8,501,699 and 8,802,840), Biocryst Pharmaceuticals (U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,388,002; 7,429,571; 7,514,410; 7,560,434; 7,994,139; 8,133,870; 8,163,703; 8,242,085 and 8,440,813), Alla Chem, LLC (8,889,701 and WO 2015/053662), Inhibitex (8,759,318 and WO/2012/092484), Janssen Products (U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,399,429; 8,431,588, 8,481,510, 8,552,021, 8,933,052; 9,006,29 and 9,012,428) the University of Georgia Foundation (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,348,587; 7,307,065; 7,662,938; 8,168,583; 8,673,926, 8,816,074; 8,921,384 and 8,946,244), RFS Pharma, LLC (U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,895,531; 8,859,595; 8,815,829; 8,609,627; 7,560,550; US 2014/0066395; US 2014/0235566; US 2010/0279969; WO/2010/091386 and WO 2012/158811) University College Cardiff Consultants Limited (WO/2014/076490, WO 2010/081082; WO/2008/062206), Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (WO/2014/169278 and WO 2014/169280), Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. (U.S. Pat. No. 9,173,893), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (WO 2015/158913), Catabasis (WO 2013/090420), the Regents of the University of Minnesota (WO 2006/004637), and Atea Pharmaceuticals, Inc (WO 2016/144918).

Additional United States patents, United States patent applications and PCT applications that describe nucleoside compounds as virus infection inhibitors include U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,388,002; 7,560,434; 8,415,321; 9,126,971; 9,326,991; and US 2004/0229839.

There remains a strong medical need to develop anti-RNA virus therapies that are safe, effective and well-tolerated. The need is accentuated by the expectation that RNA viruses continue to spread into uninfected areas of the world and that RNA viruses mutate under drug pressure.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods and uses to treat and/or prevent infections of an RNA virus, in particular RNA viruses other than HCV.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has been discovered that the compounds of Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, Formula IV, Formula V, and Formula VI, including 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotides, are advantageous for treatment of RNA viruses, in particular RNA viruses other than HCV, when administered in an effective amount to a host in need thereof. The host can be a human or any animal that carries the viral infection.

Disclosed nucleotides include those with advantageous activity, for example, against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Dengue virus 2, West Nile virus (WNV), Zika and Yellow fever virus (YFV) in vitro. Disclosed nucleotides also include those with advantageous activity against subtype 5 of the Coxsackie B virus. In one embodiment, a method is presented to treat a single-stranded RNA positive stranded virus other than a hepacivirus or other than HCV. In a further embodiment, a method is provided to treat Dengue virus 2 or Yellow fever virus. In an alternative embodiment, a method is presented to treat a single-stranded RNA negative-sense virus. In an alternative embodiment, a method is presented to treat a double-stranded RNA virus.

The compounds of the present invention are anabolized to a 5-monophosphate of the N⁶-substituted-purine without substantial N⁶-deamination and then subsequently anabolized at the 6-position to generate active guanine triphosphate compounds in a manner that provides good activity and therapeutic index.

As an example, the metabolism of the β-D-2′-substituted-N⁶-methyl-2,6-diaminopurine nucleoside as a phosphoramidate involves the production of a 5′-monophosphate and the subsequent anabolism of the N⁶-methyl-2,6-diaminopurine base to generate the 2′-substituted guanine nucleoside as the 5′-monophosphate. The monophosphate is then further anabolized to the active species which is the 5′-triphosphate.

In particular, it has been discovered that a 5′-stabilized phosphate prodrug or derivative of a 2′-substituted-N⁶-methyl-2,6-diaminopurine nucleotide, as well as a 2′-substituted-2-N⁶-dimethyl-2,6-diaminopurine nucleotide, and other 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotides as described below are active against a range of RNA viruses. For example, a discussed in Example 14 and shown in Table 5, Compound 205 is potent against Dengue Fever (EC₅₀=0.8 μM) and Yellow Fever (EC₅₀=1.2 μM).

Thus, in one embodiment, the invention is the use of a compound of Formula I below for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, for example, a human in need thereof. In one embodiment, a method is presented to treat a host, including a human, infected with a single-stranded RNA positive stranded virus other than a hepacivirus or other than HCV with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I. In an alternative embodiment, a method is presented to treat a host, including a human, infected with a single-stranded RNA positive stranded virus of the Flaviviridae family, including but not limited to Dengue virus 2 and Yellow Fever, with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I. In an alternative embodiment, a method is presented to treat a host, including a human, infected with a single-stranded RNA negative-sense virus with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I. In an alternative embodiment, a method is presented to treat a host, including a human, infected with a double-stranded RNA virus with an effective amount of a compound of Formula I:

wherein:

Y is NR¹R²;

R¹ is C₁-C₅alkyl (including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and pentyl), C₁-C₅haloalkyl (including CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, CH₂CF₃, CF₂CH₃ and CF₂CF₃), C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heterocycle), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl), —OR²⁵, —C(O)R^(3C) (including —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CH₂CH₃—C(O)CH(CH₃)₂, —C(O)OCH₃, —C(O)OC₂H₅, —C(O)OC₃H₇, —C(O)OC₄H₉, and —C(O)OC₅H₁₁), —C(S)R^(3D), or —SO₂R²⁸ each of which can be optionally substituted;

R² is hydrogen, C₁-C₅alkyl (including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and pentyl), C₁-C₅haloalkyl (including CHF₂, CHF₂, CF₃, CH₂CF₃ and CF₂CF₃), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), —C(O)R^(3C) (including —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CH₂CH₃—C(O)CH(CH₃)₂, —C(O)OCH₃, —C(O)OC₂H₅, —C(O)OC₃H₇, —C(O)OC₄H₉, and —C(O)OC₂H₅), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heterocycle), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl); and

wherein at least one of R¹ and R² is methyl, CH₂F, CHF₂ or CF₃;

R³ is hydrogen,

diphosphate, triphosphate, an optionally substituted carbonyl linked amino acid, or —C(O)R^(3C);

R^(3A) can be selected from O⁻, OH, an —O-optionally substituted aryl, an —O-optionally substituted heteroaryl, or an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

R^(3B) can be selected from O⁻, OH, an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester;

R^(3C) is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —(C₀-C₂)(cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂)(heterocyclo), —(C₀-C₂)(aryl), —(C₀-C₂)(heteroaryl), —O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O-alkynyl, —O—(C₀-C₂)(cycloalkyl), —O—(C₀-C₂)(heterocyclo), —O—(C₀-C₂)(aryl), or —O—(C₀-C₂)(heteroaryl), each of which can be optionally substituted;

R⁴ is a monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug, including but not limited to a phosphoramidate, a thiophosphoramidate, or any other moiety that is metabolized to a monophosphate, diphosphate or triphosphate in vivo in the host human or animal; or

R³ and R⁴ together with the oxygens that they are bonded to can form a 3′,5′-cyclic prodrug, including but not limited to, a 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate prodrug;

R¹² is hydrogen. CH₃, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, or ethynyl; and

R¹³ is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, N₃, NH₂, CN or OR³;

wherein when R¹² is methyl, R¹³ is bromo, chloro, N₃, NH₂, CN or OR³.

In an alternative embodiment, at least one of R¹ and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment, at least one of R¹ and R² is cyclopentyl.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of a compound of Formula II below for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, for example, a human in need thereof. In one embodiment, a method is presented to treat a host, including a human, infected with a single-stranded RNA positive stranded virus other than a hepacivirus or other than HCV with an effective amount of a compound of Formula II. In an alternative embodiment, a method is presented to treat a host, including a human, infected with a single-stranded RNA positive stranded virus of the Flaviviridae family, including but not limited to Dengue virus 2 and Yellow Fever, with an effective amount of a compound of Formula II. In an alternative embodiment, a method is presented to treat a host, including a human, infected with a single-stranded RNA negative-sense virus with an effective amount of a compound of Formula II. In an alternative embodiment, a method is presented to treat a host, including a human, infected with a double-stranded RNA virus with an effective amount of a compound of Formula II:

wherein:

Y is NR¹R²;

R¹ is C₁-C₅alkyl (including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and pentyl), C₁-C₅haloalkyl (including CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, CH₂CF₃, CF₂CH₃ and CF₂CF₃), C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heterocycle), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl), —OR²⁵, —C(O)R^(3C)(including —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CH₂CH₃—C(O)CH(CH₃)₂, —C(O)OCH₃, —C(O)OC₂H₅, —C(O)OC₃H₇, —C(O)OC₄H₉, and —C(O)OC₂H₁₁), —C(S)R^(3D), or —SO₂R²⁸ each of which can be optionally substituted;

R² is hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₅alkyl (including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and pentyl), C₁-C₅haloalkyl (including CHF₂, CHF₂, CF₃, CH₂CF₃ and CF₂CF₃), optionally substituted —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), optionally substituted —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heterocycle), optionally substituted —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl), optionally substituted —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl), —C(O)R^(3C) (including —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CH₂CH₃—C(O)CH(CH₃)₂, —C(O)OCH₃, —C(O)OC₂H₅, —C(O)OC₃H₇, —C(O)OC₄H₉, and —C(O)OC₅H₁₁), —C(S)R^(3D), or —SO₂R²⁸; and

wherein at least one of R¹ and R² is methyl, CH₂F, CHF₂ or CF₃;

R³ is hydrogen,

diphosphate, triphosphate, an optionally substituted carbonyl linked amino acid, or —C(O)R^(3C);

R^(3A) can be selected from O⁻, OH, an —O-optionally substituted aryl, an —O-optionally substituted heteroaryl, or an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

R^(3B) can be selected from O⁻, OH, an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester;

R^(3C) is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —(C₀-C₂)(cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂)(heterocyclo), —(C₀-C₂)(aryl), —(C₀-C₂)(heteroaryl), —O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O-alkynyl, —O—(C₀-C₂)(cycloalkyl), —O—(C₀-C₂)(heterocyclo), —O—(C₀-C₂)(aryl), —O—(C₀-C₂)(heteroaryl), —S-alkyl, —S-alkenyl, —S-alkynyl, —S—(C₀-C₂)(cycloalkyl), —S—(C₀-C₂)(heterocyclo), —S—(C₀-C₂)(aryl), or —S—(C₀-C₂)(heteroaryl) each of which can be optionally substituted;

R^(3D) is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —(C₀-C₂)(cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂)(heterocyclo), —(C₀-C₂)(aryl), —(C₀-C₂)(heteroaryl), —O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O-alkynyl, —O—(C₀-C₂)(cycloalkyl), —O—(C₀-C₂)(heterocyclo), —O—(C₀-C₂)(aryl), or —O—(C₀-C₂)(heteroaryl), each of which can be optionally substituted;

R⁴ is a monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug, including but not limited to a phosphoramidate, a thiophosphoramidate, or any other moiety that is metabolized to a monophosphate, diphosphate or triphosphate in vivo in the host human or animal; or

R³ and R⁴ together with the oxygens that they are bonded to can form a 3′,5′-cyclic prodrug, including but not limited to, a 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate prodrug;

R⁵ is C₁-C₅alkyl (including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and pentyl), C₁-C₅haloalkyl (including CHF₂, CHF₂, CF₃, CH₂CF₃ and CF₂CF₃), C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heterocycle), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl), —OR²⁵, —C(O)R^(3C) (including —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CH₂CH₃—C(O)CH(CH₃)₂, —C(O)OCH₃, —C(O)OC₂H₅, —C(O)OC₃H₇, —C(O)OC₄H₉, and —C(O)OC₅H₁₁), —C(S)R^(3D), or —SO₂R²⁸ each of which can be optionally substituted;

R⁶ is hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₅alkyl (including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and pentyl), C₁-C₅haloalkyl (including CHF₂, CHF₂, CF₃, CH₂CF₃ and CF₂CF₃), optionally substituted —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), optionally substituted —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heterocycle), optionally substituted —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl), optionally substituted —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl), —C(O)R^(3C) (including —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CH₂CH₃—C(O)CH(CH₃)₂, —C(O)OCH₃, —C(O)OC₂H₅, —C(O)OC₃H₇, —C(O)OC₄H₉, and —C(O)OC₅H₁₁), —C(S)R^(3D), or —SO₂R²⁸; or

R⁵ and R⁶ together with the nitrogen that they are bonded to can form a heterocyclic ring;

R¹² is hydrogen, CH₃, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, or ethynyl;

R¹³ is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, N₃, NH₂, CN or OR³;

wherein when R¹² is methyl, R¹³ is bromo, chloro, N₃, NH₂, CN or OR³.

R²² is Cl, Br, F, CN, N₃, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl. —(C₁-C₂alkyl)C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆heterocycle), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl); —ONHC(═)OR²³, —NHOR²⁴, —OR²⁵, —SR²⁵, —NH(CH₂)₁₋₄N(R²⁶)₂, —NHNHR²⁶, —N═NR²⁷, —NHC(O)NHNHR²⁷, —NHC(S)NHNHR²⁷, —C(O)NHNHR²⁷, —NR²⁷SO₂R²⁸, —SO₂NR²—R²⁹, —C(O)NR²⁷R²⁹, —CO₂R²⁹, —SO₂R²⁹,

—P(O)H(OR²⁹), —P(O)(OR²⁹)(OR³⁰), —P(O)(OR²⁹)(NR²⁹R³⁰) or —NR⁵R⁶; for example including but not limited to the following embodiments, chloro, bromo, fluoro, cyano, azido, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1-methylbutyl, 1-ethylpropyl, vinyl, allyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, acetylenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, —(CH₂)-cyclopropyl, —(CH₂)-cyclobutyl, —(CH₂)-cyclopentyl, —(CH₂)-cyclohexyl, aziridine, oxirane, thiirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, thiolane, pyrazolidine, piperidine, oxane, thiane, —(CH₂)-aziridine, —(CH₂)-oxirane, —(CH₂)-thiirane, —(CH₂)-azetidine, —(CH₂)-oxetane, —(CH₂)-thietane, —(CH₂)-pyrrolidine, —(CH₂)-tetrahydrofuran. —(CH₂)-thiolane, —(CH₂)-pyrazolidine, —(CH₂)-piperidine, —(CH₂)-oxane, —(CH₂)-thiane, phenyl, pyridyl, —ONHC(═O)OCH₃, —ONHC(═O)OCH₂CH₃, —NHOH, NHOCH₃, —OCH₃, OC₂H, —OPh, OCH₂Ph, —SCH₃, —SC₂H₅, —SPh, SCH₂Ph, —NH(CH₂)₂NH₂, —NH(CH₂)₂N(CH₃)₂, —NHNH₂, —NHNHCH₃, —N═NH, —N═NCH₃, —N═NCH₂CH₃, —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(S)NHNH₂, —C(O)NHNH₂, —NHSO₂CH₃, —NHSO₂CH₂CH₃, —SO₂NHCH₃, —SO₂N(CH₃)₂, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHCH₃, —C(O)N(CH₃)₂, —CO₂CH₃, —CO₂CH₂CH₃, —CO₂Ph, —CO₂CH₂Ph, —SO₂CH, —SO₂CH₂CH₃, —SO₂Ph, —SO₂CH₂Ph,

—P(O)H(OH), —P(O)H(OCH₃), —P(O)(OH)(OH), —P(O)(OH)(OCH₃), —P(O)(OCH₃)(OCH₃), —P(O)(OH)(NH₂), —P(O)(OH)(NHCH₃), —P(O)(OH)N(CH₃)₂, —NHC(O)CH₃, —NHC(O)CH₂CH₃, —NHC(O)CH(CH₃)₂, —NHC(O)OCH₃, —NHC(O)OCH₂CH₃, —NHC(O)OCH(CH₃)₂, —NHC(O)OCH₂CH₂CH₃, —NHC(O)OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ and —NHC(O)OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃;

R²³ is C₁-C₅alkyl, —(C₀-C₂alkyl)C₃—C(cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heterocycle), —(C₀₋₂alkyl)(aryl) or —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl) each of which can be optionally substituted;

R²⁴ is hydrogen. C₁-C₆ alkyl, —(C₁-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), —(C₁-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆heterocycle) —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl) or —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl) wherein except for the hydrogen each of which can be optionally substituted;

R²⁵ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆heterocycle), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl) or —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl) wherein except for the hydrogen each of which can be optionally substituted;

R²⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heterocycle), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl), or —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl) wherein except for the hydrogen each of which can be optionally substituted;

R²⁷ hydrogen or optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R²⁸ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆heterocycle), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl) or —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl) each of which can be optionally substituted;

R²⁹ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆heterocycle), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl) or —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl) wherein except for the hydrogen each of which can be optionally substituted; or

R²⁷ and R²⁹ together with the nitrogen that they are bonded to can form a heterocyclic ring;

R³⁰ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃C₆cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆heterocycle), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl) or —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl) wherein except for the hydrogen each of which can be optionally substituted; or

R²⁹ and R³⁰ can be bonded together to form a heterocyclic ring;

x is 1, 2 or 3.

In an alternative embodiment, at least one of R¹ and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment, at least one of R¹ and R² is cyclopentyl.

In an alternative embodiment, R²³ is —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heterocycle) or —(C₀₋₂alkyl)(aryl).

β-D-2′-Deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2′-β-ethynyl-N⁶-methyl-2,6-diaminopurine nucleoside phosphoramidate is first metabolized to the 5′-monophosphate and then the N⁶-methyl-2,6-diaminopurine base is anabolized to generate the β-D-2′-deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2′-β-ethynylguanine nucleoside as the 5′-monophosphate. The monophosphate is then further anabolized to the active species, the 5′-triphosphate (Scheme 1).

2′-Substituted-N⁶-substituted-2,6-diaminopurine nucleotides can be further substituted at the N²-position by alkylation or acylated. This can modify the lipophilicity, pharmacokinetics, and/or targeting of the nucleotide to the liver. It has been discovered that 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted-2,6-diaminopurine nucleotides modified at the 2-position of the diaminopurine can be dealkylated or deacylated by hepatic enzymes to further increase the specificity of the nucleotide derivatives both in vitro and in vivo, unless the N²-amino group is completely replaced by a different moiety, as described herein, such as fluoro. In one embodiment, N² modifications will increase cell permeability. In one embodiment, N² modifications will increase hepatic targeting.

Unless otherwise specified, the compounds described herein are provided in the β-D-configuration. Likewise, when in phosphoramidate or thiophosphoramidate form, the amino acid portion can be in the L- or D-configuration. In an alternative embodiment, the compounds can be provided in a β-L-configuration. Likewise, any substituent group that exhibits chirality can be provided in racemic, enantiomeric, diastereomeric form or any mixture thereof. Where a phosphoramidate, thiophosphoramidate or other stabilized phosphorus prodrug in which the phosphorus exhibits chirality is used as the R⁴ stabilized phosphate prodrug, it can be provided as an R or S chiral phosphorus derivative or a mixture thereof, including a racemic mixture. All of the combinations of these stereoconfigurations are included in the invention described herein.

Accordingly, the present invention includes the use of a compound of Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, Formula IV, Formula V, or Formula VI or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition, salt, or prodrug thereof, as described herein in an effective amount to treat an RNA virus, for example, an RNA virus other than HCV.

In one specific embodiment, the parent nucleoside, i.e., the nucleoside wherein R⁴ is hydrogen and the 5′-position thus has a hydroxyl group, is not substantially deaminated by adenosine deaminase under conditions that mimic the in vivo environment (e.g., ambient temperature and aqueous physiological pH), for a period of 7 minutes, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes or 120 minutes. Unless otherwise stated, the time period is 30 minutes. In this embodiment, the term “not substantially deaminated” means that the parent compound is not converted to the corresponding guanine derivative, or 6-oxo derivative, in an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic effect in vivo.

Compounds, methods, and compositions are provided for the treatment of a host infected with an RNA virus via administration of an effective amount of the compound or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

The compound or formulations that include the compounds can also be used in an effective amount prophylactically to prevent or restrict the progression of clinical illness in individuals who are RNA virus antibody- or antigen-positive.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ia below for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, for example, a human in need thereof. In certain embodiments, a method is provided to treat a host infected with a single-stranded RNA positive stranded virus other than a hepacivirus or other than HCV. In an alternative embodiment, a method is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ia for the treatment of a single-stranded RNA positive stranded virus of the Flaviviridae family, including but not limited to Dengue virus 2 and Yellow Fever, in a host, including a human in need thereof. In an alternative embodiment, a method is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ia for the treatment of a single-stranded RNA negative-sense virus in a host, including a human in need thereof. In an alternative embodiment, a method is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ia for the treatment of a double-stranded RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³, R^(3A), R^(3B), R^(3C), R^(3D), and R⁴ are as defined above.

In one embodiment of Formula Ia, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Ia, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Ia, when Y is NR¹R², both R¹ and R² are methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula Ia, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In one embodiment of Formula Ia, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Ia, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Ia, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopentyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Ia, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphoramidate.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Ia, R³ is independently selected from hydrogen,

diphosphate, triphosphate, an optionally substituted carbonyl linked amino acid, and —C(O)R^(3C).

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ib, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³ and R⁴ are as defined above.

In one embodiment of Formula Ib, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Ib, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Ib, when Y is NR¹R², both R¹ and R² are methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula Ib, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In one embodiment of Formula Ib, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Ib, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Ib, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopentyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Ib, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphoramidate.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ib′, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

m is 1, 2, or 3;

p is 0, 1, or 2;

R⁶⁰ is independently selected from C₁-C₅alkyl (including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and pentyl), C₁-C₅haloalkyl (including CHF₂, CHF₂, CF₃, CH₂CF₃ and CF₂CF₃), C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heterocycle), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl), —OR²⁵, —C(O)R^(3C) (including —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CH₂CH₃—C(O)CH(CH₃)₂, —C(O)OCH₃, —C(O)OC₂H₅, —C(O)OC₃H₇, —C(O)OC₄H₉, and —C(O)OC₂H₁₁), —C(S)RD, and —SO₂R²⁸ each of which can be optionally substituted; and

R³, R⁴, R^(3C), R^(3D), R²⁵, and R²⁸ are as defined above.

In one embodiment of Formula Ib′, m is 1 and p is 0.

In one embodiment of Formula Ib′, m is 2 and p is 0.

In one embodiment of Formula Ib′, m is 3 and p is 0.

In one embodiment of Formula Ib′, m is 2, p is 0, and R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Ib′, m is 2, p is 0, R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a stabilized phosphoramidate.

In one embodiment of Formula Ib′, m is 3, p is 0, R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a stabilized phosphoramidate.

In one embodiment of Formula Ib′, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphoramidate.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ic, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³ and R⁴ are as defined above.

In one embodiment of Formula Ic, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Ic, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Ic, when Y is NR¹R², both R¹ and R² are methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula Ic, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In one embodiment of Formula Ic, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Ic, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Ic, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopentyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Ic, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphoramidate.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Id, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R¹ and R⁴ are as defined above.

In one embodiment of Formula Id, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Id, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Id, when Y is NR¹R², both R¹ and R² are methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula Id, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In one embodiment of Formula Id, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Id, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Id, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopentyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Id, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphoramidate.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ie, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R¹ and R⁴ are as defined above.

In one embodiment of Formula Ie, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Ie, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Ie, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Ie, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Ie, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopentyl and R² is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Ie, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphoramidate.

In one embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³, R⁴, R¹², R¹³ and R²² are as defined above.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIa, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³, R^(3A), R^(3B), R^(3C), R^(3D), R⁴ and R²² are as defined above.

In one embodiment of Formula IIa, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IIa, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IIa, when Y is NR¹R², both R¹ and R² are methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula IIa, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In one embodiment of Formula IIa, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIa, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula Ha, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopentyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIa, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphoramidate.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIa, R³ is independently selected from hydrogen,

diphosphate, triphosphate, an optionally substituted carbonyl linked amino acid, and —C(O)R^(3C).

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³, R⁴, and R²² are as defined above.

In one embodiment of Formula IIb, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IIb, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IIb, when Y is NR¹R², both R¹ and R² are methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula IIb, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In one embodiment of Formula IIb, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIb, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIb, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopentyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIb, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphoramidate.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIb′, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R⁴, R²², R⁶⁰, m, and p are as defined above.

In one embodiment of Formula IIb′, m is 1 and p is 0.

In one embodiment of Formula IIb′, m is 2 and p is 0.

In one embodiment of Formula IIb′, m is 3 and p is 0.

In one embodiment of Formula IIb′, m is 2, p is 0, R²² is NR⁵R⁶, and R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IIb′, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphoramidate.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIc, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³, R⁴, and R²² are as defined above.

In one embodiment of Formula IIc, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IIc, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IIc, when Y is NR¹R², both R¹ and R² are methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula IIc, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In one embodiment of Formula IIc, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIc, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIc, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopentyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIc, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphoramidate.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IId, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³, R⁴, and R²² are as defined above.

In one embodiment of Formula IId, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IId, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IId, when Y is NR¹R², both R¹ and R² are methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula IId, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In one embodiment of Formula IId, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IId, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IId, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopentyl and R² is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IId, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphoramidate.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIe, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³, R⁴, and R²² are as defined above.

In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IIe, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IIe, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIe, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopropyl and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIe, when Y is NR¹R², R¹ is cyclopentyl and R² is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IIe, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphoramidate.

In one embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula III, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein

R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl; C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; heteroaryl, heterocyclic, or aryl, which includes, but is not limited to, phenyl or naphthyl, where phenyl or naphthyl are optionally substituted with C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, cyano, C₁₋₆haloalkyl, —N(R^(7′))₂, C₁₋₆acylamino, NHSO₂C₁₋₆alkyl, —SO₂N(R^(7′))₂, COR^(7′), and —SO₂C₁₋₆alkyl; (R^(7′) is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl; R^(7″) is —OR¹¹ or —N(R⁷)₂);

R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, or R^(9a) or R^(9b) and R⁸ together are (CH₂)_(n) so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms; where n is 2 to 4;

R^(9a) and R^(9b) are (i) independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(c)(NR^(9′))₂, C₁₋₆hydroxyalkyl, —CH₂SH, —(CH₂)₂S(O)(Me, —(CH₂)₃NHC(═NH)NH₂, (1H-indol-3-yl)methyl, (1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl, —(CH₂)_(c)COR^(9″), aryl and aryl(C₁₋₃alkyl)-, the aryl groups can be optionally substituted with a group selected from hydroxyl, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, halogen, nitro and cyano; (ii) R^(9a) and R^(9b) both are C₁₋₆alkyl; (iii) R^(9a) and R^(9b) together are (CH₂)_(r) so as to form a spiro ring; (iv) R^(9a) is hydrogen and R^(9b) and R⁸ together are (CH₂)_(n) so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms (v) R^(9b) is hydrogen and R^(9a) and R⁸ together are (CH₂)_(n) so as to form a cyclic ring that includes the adjoining N and C atoms, where c is 1 to 6, n is 2 to 4, r is 2 to 5 and where R^(9′) is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl and R^(9″) is —OR¹¹ or —N(R^(11′))₂); (vi) R^(9a) is hydrogen and R^(9b) is hydrogen, CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH(CH₃)₂, CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃, CH₂Ph, CH₂-indol-3-yl, —CH₂CH₂SCH₃, CH₂CO₂H, CH₂C(O)NH₂, CH₂CH₂COOH, CH₂CH₂C(O)NH₂, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂NHC(NH)NH₂, CH₂-imidazol-4-yl, CH₂OH, CH(OH)CH₃, CH₂((4′-OH)-Ph), CH₂SH, or lower cycloalkyl; or (vii) R^(9a) is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH(CH₃)₂, CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃, CH₂Ph, CH₂-indol-3-yl, —CH₂CH₂SCH₃, CH₂CO₂H, CH₂C(O)NH₂, CH₂CH₂COOH, CH₂CH₂C(O)NH₂, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂NHC(NH)NH₂, CH₂-imidazol-4-yl, CH₂OH, CH(OH)CH₃, CH₂((4′-OH)-Ph), CH₂SH, or lower cycloalkyl and R^(9b) is hydrogen;

R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl optionally substituted with an alkoxy, di(lower alkyl)-amino, or halogen; C₁₋₆haloalkyl, C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aminoacyl, aryl, such as phenyl; heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

R¹¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl; an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl, or optionally substituted acyl;

R^(11′) is hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl; an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl, or optionally substituted acyl; and

the variables Y, R³, R¹² and R¹³ are described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIIa, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b) and R¹⁰ are described herein.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIa, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIa, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIa, R⁷ is phenyl, R¹ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIa, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIa, R³ is hydrogen,

diphosphate, triphosphate, an optionally substituted carbonyl linked amino acid, or —C(O)R^(3C);

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIIb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b) and R¹⁰ are described herein.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIb, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIb, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIb, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIb, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIIb′, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R⁶⁰, m, and p are described herein.

In one embodiment of Formula IIIb′, m is 1 and p is 0.

In one embodiment of Formula IIIb′, m is 2 and p is 0.

In one embodiment of Formula IIb′, m is 3 and p is 0.

In one embodiment of Formula IIIb′, m is 2, p is 0, and R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IIIb′, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment of Formula IIIb′, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment of Formula IIIb′, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment of Formula IIIb′, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment of Formula IIIb′, R³ is hydrogen, m is 2, p is 0, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.

In one embodiment of Formula IIIb′, R³ is hydrogen, m is 3, p is 0, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIIc, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b) and R¹⁰ are described herein.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIc, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIc, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIc, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIc, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIId or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b) and R¹⁰ are described herein.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIId, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIId, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIId, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIId, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIIe, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b) and R¹⁰ are described herein.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIe, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIe, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIe, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IIIe, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IV or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R¹², R¹³ and R²² are described herein.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IV, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IV, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IV, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IV, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IVa, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R^(3A), R^(3B), R^(3C), R^(3D), R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰ and R²² are described herein.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVa, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVa, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVa, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVa, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVa, R³ is independently selected from hydrogen,

diphosphate, triphosphate, an optionally substituted carbonyl linked amino acid, or —C(O)R^(3C).

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IVb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰ and R²² are described herein.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVb, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVb, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVb, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVb, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IVb′, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R²², R⁶⁰, m, and p are described herein.

In one embodiment of Formula IVb′, m is 1 and p is 0.

In one embodiment of Formula IVb′, m is 2 and p is 0.

In one embodiment of Formula IVb′, m is 3 and p is 0.

In one embodiment of Formula IVb′, m is 2, p is 0, and R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IVb′, m is 2, p is 0, R²² is NR⁵R⁶, and R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula IVb′, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment of Formula IVb′, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment of Formula IVb′, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment of Formula IVb′, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IVc, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰ and R²² are described herein.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVc, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVc, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVc, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVc, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IVd, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, Re, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰ and R²² are described herein.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVd, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVd, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVd, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVd, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IVe, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b) and R¹⁰ are described herein.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVe, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVe, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVe, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment of Formula IVe, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment, compounds of Formula V are disclosed. In a further alternative embodiment, the invention is a method for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the method includes administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula V for the treatment of a single-stranded RNA positive stranded virus other than a hepacivirus or other than HCV in a host, including a human in need thereof. In an alternative embodiment, the method includes administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula V for the treatment of a single-stranded RNA positive stranded virus of the Flaviviridae family, including but not limited to Dengue virus 2 and Yellow Fever, in a host, including a human in need thereof. In an alternative embodiment, the method includes administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula V for the treatment of a single-stranded RNA negative-sense virus in a host, including a human in need thereof. In an alternative embodiment, the method includes administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula V for the treatment of a double-stranded RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Q is CHR⁶⁵;

R⁵⁰ is selected from hydrogen, NH₂, and R²²;

R⁶² is hydrogen, CH₃, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, or ethynyl;

R⁶³ is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, N₃, NH₂, CN or OR³;

R⁶⁵ is C₁-C₃alkyl (including, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and cyclopropyl) or C₁₋₃haloalkyl (including CH₂F, CHF₂, and CF₃); and

R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R²² are as defined above.

In one embodiment of Formula V, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula V, R⁵ is methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula V, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula V, R⁵⁰ is —NH₂.

In one embodiment of Formula V, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁰ is methyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment, compounds of Formula Va are disclosed. In a further alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Va, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Q, R³, R⁴, and R⁵⁰ are defined as above.

In one embodiment of Formula Va, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Va, R⁶⁵ is methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula Va, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Va, R⁵⁰ is —NH₂.

In one embodiment of Formula Va, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is methyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Va, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is cyclopropyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment, compounds of Formula Vb are disclosed. In a further alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Vb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Q, R³, R⁴, and R⁵⁰ are defined as above.

In one embodiment of Formula Vb, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Vb, R⁶⁵ is methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula Vb, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Vb, R⁵⁰ is —NH₂.

In one embodiment of Formula Vb, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is methyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Vb, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is cyclopropyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment, compounds of Formula Vc are disclosed. In a further alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Vc, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

Q, R³, R⁴, and R⁵⁰ are defined as above.

In one embodiment of Formula Vc, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Vc, R⁶⁵ is methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula Vc, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Vc, R⁵⁰ is —NH₂.

In one embodiment of Formula Vc, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is methyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Vc, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is cyclopropyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment, compounds of Formula Vd are disclosed. In a further alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Vd, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Q, R³, R⁴, and R⁵⁰ are defined as above.

In one embodiment of Formula Vd, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Vd, R⁶⁵ is methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula Vd, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Vd, R⁵⁰ is —NH₂.

In one embodiment of Formula Vd, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is methyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Vd, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is cyclopropyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment, compounds of Formula Ve are disclosed. In a further alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ve, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Q, R³, R⁴, and R⁵⁰ are defined as above.

In one embodiment of Formula Ve, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Ve, R⁶⁵ is methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula Ve, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Ve, R⁵⁰ is —NH₂.

In one embodiment of Formula Ve, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is methyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Ve, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is cyclopropyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment, compounds of Formula Vf are disclosed. In a further alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Vf, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Q, R³, R⁴, and R⁵⁰ are defined as above.

In one embodiment of Formula Vf, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Vf, R⁶⁵ is methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula Vf, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Vf, R⁵⁰ is —NH₂.

In one embodiment of Formula Vf, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is methyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Ve, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is cyclopropyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In an alternative embodiment, compounds of Formula VI are disclosed. In a further alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula VI, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Q, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R⁵⁰, R⁶², and R⁶³ are defined as above.

In one embodiment of Formula VI, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula VI, R⁶⁵ is methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula VI, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula VI, R⁵⁰ is —NH₂.

In one embodiment of Formula VI, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is methyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula VI, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VI, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VI, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In an alternative embodiment, compounds of Formula VIa are disclosed. In a further alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Via, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Q, R³, R^(3A), R^(3B), R^(3C), R^(3D), R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, and R⁵⁰ are defined as above.

In one embodiment of Formula VIa, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula VIa, R⁶⁵ is methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula VIa, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula VIa, R⁵⁰ is —NH₂.

In one embodiment Formula VIa, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is methyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment Formula VIa, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIa, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula Via, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIa, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIa, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.

In one embodiment Formula VIa, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen, R⁶⁵ is methyl, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.

In one embodiment of Formula VIa, R³ is independently selected from hydrogen,

diphosphate, triphosphate, an optionally substituted carbonyl linked amino acid, or —C(O)R^(3C).

In an alternative embodiment, compounds of Formula VIb are disclosed. In a further alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula VIb, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Q, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, and R⁵⁰ are defined as above.

In one embodiment of Formula VIb, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula VIb, R⁶⁵ is methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula VIb, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula VIb, R⁵⁰ is —NH₂.

In one embodiment Formula VIb, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is methyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment Formula VIb, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIb, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIb, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIb, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIb, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.

In one embodiment Formula VIb, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen, R⁶⁵ is methyl, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment, compounds of Formula VIc are disclosed. In a further alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Vic, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Q, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, and R⁵⁰ are defined as above.

In one embodiment of Formula VIc, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula VIc, R⁶⁵ is methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula VIc, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula Vic, R⁵⁰ is —NH₂.

In one embodiment of Formula VIc, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is methyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment Formula VIc, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIc, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIc, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIc, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula Vic, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.

In one embodiment Formula VIc, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen, R⁶⁵ is methyl, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment, compounds of Formula VId are disclosed. In a further alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Vid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Q, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, and R⁵⁰ are defined as above.

In one embodiment of Formula VId, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula VId, R⁶⁵ is methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula VId, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula VId, R⁵⁰ is —NH₂.

In one embodiment Formula VId, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VId, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment of Formula VId, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is methyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment Formula VId, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VId, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VId, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.

In one embodiment Formula VId, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen, R⁶⁵ is methyl, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment, compounds of Formula Vie are disclosed. In a further alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Vie, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Q, R³, R⁷, RE, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, and R⁵⁰ are defined as above.

In one embodiment of Formula VIe, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula VIe, R⁶⁵ is methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula VIe, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula VIe, R⁵⁰ is —NH₂.

In one embodiment of Formula VIe, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is methyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment Formula VIe, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula Vie, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIe, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen. R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIe, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIe, Q is CHR⁶, R³ is hydrogen, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.

In one embodiment Formula Vie, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen, R⁶⁵ is methyl, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment, compounds of Formula VIf are disclosed. In a further alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula VIf, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Q, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, and R⁵⁰ are defined as above.

In one embodiment of Formula VIf, R³ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula VIf, R⁶⁵ is methyl.

In one embodiment of Formula VIf, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of Formula VIf, R⁵⁰ is —NH₂.

In one embodiment of Formula VIf, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen R⁶⁵ is methyl, and R⁵⁰ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment Formula VIf, the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIf, the phosphoramidate is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIf, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the L-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIf, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl and the phosphoramide is in the D-configuration.

In one embodiment Formula VIf, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.

In one embodiment Formula VIf, Q is CHR⁶⁵, R³ is hydrogen. R⁶⁵ is methyl, R⁵⁰ is hydrogen, R⁷ is phenyl, R⁸ is hydrogen, R^(9a) is methyl, R^(9b) is hydrogen, and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.

The phosphorus in any of the Formulas above may be chiral and thus can be provided as an R or S enantiomer or mixture thereof, including a racemic mixture.

Non-limiting embodiments include:

In one embodiment, compounds, methods, and compositions are provided for the treatment of a host infected with an RNA virus described herein, for example, other than a hepacivirus or HCV. For example, the compounds of the invention can be administered in an effective amount alone or in combination with another anti-RNA viral agent to treat the infected host in need thereof. In certain embodiments, it is useful to administer a combination of drugs that modulate the same or a different pathway or inhibit a different target in the virus. As the disclosed 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotides are polymerase inhibitors, it can be advantageous to administer the compound to a host in combination with a protease inhibitor or an NS5A inhibitor. The compounds of the invention can also be administered in combination with a structurally different polymerase inhibitor such as another compound described herein or otherwise known to those in the art. The compounds of the invention can also be administered in combination with ribavirin and/or interferon.

The 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotides of the invention are typically administered orally, for example in pill or tablet form, but may be administered via another route which the attending physician considers appropriate, including via intravenous, transdermal, subcutaneous, topical, parenteral, or other suitable route.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention disclosed herein are compounds and their uses, methods, and compositions as described herein for the treatment of infections in or exposure to humans or another host animal to an RNA virus that includes the administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, Formula IV, Formula V, or Formula VI as described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compounds described herein either possess anti-RNA activity, or are metabolized to a compound that exhibits such activity. In certain embodiments, the method includes the administration of a compound of Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, Formula IV, Formula V, or Formula VI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the treatment of an infection of a single-stranded RNA positive stranded virus other than a hepacivirus or other than HCV in a host in need thereof, including a human. In an alternative embodiment, a method is presented that includes the administration of a compound of Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, Formula IV, Formula V, or Formula VI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the treatment of an infection of a single-stranded RNA positive stranded virus of the Flaviviridae family, including but not limited to Dengue virus 2 and Yellow Fever, in a host in need thereof, including a human. In an alternative embodiment, a method is presented that includes the administration of a compound of Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, Formula IV, Formula V, or Formula VI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the treatment of an infection of a single-stranded RNA negative-sense virus in a host in need thereof, including a human. In an alternative embodiment, a method is presented that includes the administration of a compound of Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, Formula IV, Formula V, or Formula VI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the treatment of an infection of a double-stranded RNA virus in a host in need thereof, including a human.

The compounds and compositions can also be used to treat conditions related to or occurring as a result of an RNA viral exposure. In one embodiment, the compounds or formulations that include the compounds can also be used prophylactically to prevent or retard the progression of clinical illness in individuals who are RNA virus antibody- or RNA virus antigen-positive.

In particular, it has been discovered that a 5′-stabilized phosphate prodrug or derivative of a 2′-substituted-N⁶-methyl-2,6-diaminopurine nucleotide, as well as a 2′-substituted-N⁶-dimethyl-2,6-diaminopurine nucleotide, and other 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotides as described below, are highly active against an RNA virus, for example, other than hepacivirus or other than HCV.

Unless otherwise specified, the compounds described herein are provided in the β-D-configuration. In an alternative embodiment, the compounds can be provided in a β-L-configuration. Likewise, any substituent group that exhibits chirality can be provided in racemic, enantiomeric, diastereomeric form or any mixture thereof. Where a phosphoramidate, thiophosphoramidate or other stabilized phosphorus prodrug in which the phosphorus exhibits chirality is used as the R⁴ stabilized phosphate prodrug, it can be provided as an R or S chiral phosphorus derivative or a mixture thereof, including a racemic mixture. The amino acid of the phosphoramidate or thiophosphoramidate can be in the D- or L-configuration, or a mixture thereof, including a racemic mixture. All of the combinations of these stereo configurations are included in the invention described herein.

The present invention includes the following features:

(a) Formulas I-VI as described herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of an RNA virus infection and in one embodiment, a virus other than a hepacivirus or other than HCV;

(b) Use of Formulas I-VI, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment of an RNA virus infection a virus other than a hepacivirus or other than HCV;

(c) A method for manufacturing a medicament intended for the therapeutic use for treating an RNA virus infection, for example, a virus other than a hepacivirus or other than HCV, characterized in that a Formulas I-VI as described herein is used in the manufacture; and

(d) A pharmaceutical formulation comprising an effective host-treating amount of the Formulas I-VI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent to treat an RNA virus other than a hepacivirus or other than HCV.

I. 2′-Deoxy-2′-Substituted-2-Modified-N⁶-Substituted Purine Nucleotides of the Invention

The active compounds of the invention are those depicted, for example, in Formula I which can be provided in a pharmaceutically acceptable composition, salt or prodrug thereof:

wherein:

Y is NR¹R²;

R¹ is C₁-C₅alkyl (including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and pentyl), C₁-C₅haloalkyl (including CH₂F, CH₂F, CF₃, CH₂CF₃, CF₂CH₃ and CF₂CF₃), C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heterocycle), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl), —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl), —OR²⁵, —C(O)R^(3C) (including —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CH₂CH₃—C(O)CH(CH₃)₂, —C(O)OCH₃, —C(O)OC₂H₅, —C(O)OC₃H₇, —C(O)OC₄H₉, and —C(O)OC₅H₁₁), —C(S)R^(3D), or —SO₂R²⁸ each of which can be optionally substituted;

R² is hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₅alkyl (including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and pentyl), C₁-C₅haloalkyl (including CHF₂, CH₂F, CF₃, CH₂CF₃ and CF₂CF₃), optionally substituted —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), optionally substituted —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heterocycle), optionally substituted —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl), optionally substituted —(C₀-C₂alkyl)(heteroaryl), —C(O)R^(3C) (including —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CH₂CH₃—C(O)CH(CH₃)₂, —C(O)OCH₃, —C(O)OC₂H₅, —C(O)OC₃H₇, —C(O)OC₄H₉, and —C(O)OC₅H₁₁), —C(S)R^(3D), or —SO₂R²²; and

wherein at least one of R¹ and R² is methyl, CH₂F, CHF₂ or CF₃;

R³ is hydrogen,

diphosphate, triphosphate, an optionally substituted carbonyl linked amino acid, or —C(O)R^(3C);

R^(3A) can be selected from O⁻, OH, an —O-optionally substituted aryl, an —O-optionally substituted heteroaryl, or an optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

R^(3B) can be selected from O⁻, OH, an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester;

R^(3C) is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —(C₀-C₂)(cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂)(heterocyclo), —(C₀-C₂)(aryl), —(C₀-C₂)(heteroaryl), —O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O-alkynyl, —O—(C₀-C₂)(cycloalkyl), —O—(C₀-C₂)(heterocyclo), —O—(C₀-C₂)(aryl), or —O—(C₀-C₂)(heteroaryl), each of which can be optionally substituted;

R⁴ is a monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, or a stabilized phosphate prodrug, including but not limited to a phosphoramidate, a thiophosphoramidate, or any other moiety that is metabolized to a monophosphate, diphosphate or triphosphate in vivo in the host human or animal; or

R³ and R⁴ together with the oxygens that they are bonded to can form a 3′,5′-cyclic prodrug, including but not limited to, a 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate prodrug;

R¹² is hydrogen, CH₃, CH₂F, CHF₂, CF₃, or ethynyl; and

R¹³ is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, N₃, NH₂, CN or OR³;

wherein when R¹² is methyl, R¹³ is bromo, chloro, N₃, NH₂, CN or OR³.

A stabilized phosphate prodrug is any moiety that can deliver a mono, di, or triphosphate.

In an alternative embodiment, at least one of R¹ and R² is cyclopropyl.

In an alternative embodiment, at least one of R¹ and R² is cyclopently.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ia or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³ and R⁴ are as defined above.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³ and R⁴ are as defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ib′ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R⁴, R⁶⁰, m, and p are defined above.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ic or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³ and R⁴ are as defined above.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Id or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³ and R⁴ are as defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ie or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³ and R⁴ are as defined above.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³, R⁴, R¹², R¹³ and R²² are as defined above.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ha or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³, R⁴ and R²² are as defined above.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIb or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³, R⁴ and R²² are as defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIb′ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R⁴, R²², R⁶⁰, m, and p are as defined above.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIc or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³, R⁴, and R²² are as defined above.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IId or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³, R⁴, and R²² are as defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIe or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

Y, R³, R⁴, and R²² are as defined above.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula III or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R¹² and R¹³ are described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIIa or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b) and R¹⁰ are described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIIb or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b) and R¹⁰ are described herein.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIIb′ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R⁶⁰, m, and p are described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIIc or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b) and R¹⁰ are described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIId or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b) and R¹⁰ are described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIIe or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b) and R¹⁰ are described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IV or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R¹², R¹³ and R²² are described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IVa or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰ and R²² are described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IVb or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰ and R²² are described herein.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IVb′ or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R²², R⁶⁰, m, and p are described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IVc or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰ and R²² are described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IVd or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰ and R²² are described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula IVe or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein the variables Y, R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, and R² are described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R⁴, R⁵⁰, R⁶², R⁶³, and Q are defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R⁴, R⁵⁰, and Q are defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Vb or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R⁴, R⁵⁰, and Q are defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Vc or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R⁴, R⁵⁰, and Q are defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Vd or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R⁴, R⁵⁰, and Q are defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Ve or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R⁴, R⁵⁰, and Q are defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula Vf or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R⁴, R⁵⁰, and Q are defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula VI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R^(7′), R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R⁵⁰, R⁶², and R⁶³ and Q are defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula VIa or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R^(7′) R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R⁵⁰, and Q are defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula VIb or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R^(7′), R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R⁵⁰, and Q are defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula VIc or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R^(7′), R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R⁵⁰, and Q are defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula VId or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R^(7′), R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R⁵⁰, and Q are defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula VIe or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R⁵⁰, and Q are defined above.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula VIf or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof.

wherein:

R³, R⁷, R⁸, R^(9a), R⁹, R¹⁰, R⁵⁰, and Q are defined above.

In a typical embodiment, the compound is a β-D isomer with reference to the corresponding nucleoside (i.e., in the naturally occurring configuration). In an alternative configuration, the compound is provided as a β-L isomer. The compound is typically at least 90% free of the opposite enantiomer, and can be at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or even 100% free of the opposite enantiomer. Unless described otherwise, the compound is at least 90%, free of the opposite enantiomer.

Metabolism of β-D-2′-deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2′-β-C-substituted-N⁶-substituted-2,6-diaminopurine Nucleotides

The metabolism of the β-D-2′-deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2′-3-ethynyl-N⁶-methyl-2,6-diaminopurine nucleoside phosphoramidate involves the production of a 5′-monophosphate and the subsequent anabolism of the N⁶-methyl-2,6-diaminopurine base to generate the β-D-2′-deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2′-β-ethynylguanine nucleoside as the 5′-monophosphate. The monophosphate is then further anabolized to the active species; the 5′-triphosphate. The metabolic pathway for the β-D-2′-deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2′-β-ethynyl-N-methyl-2,6-diaminopurine nucleoside phosphoramidate is illustrated in Scheme 1.

The metabolism of the β-D-2′-deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2′-β-ethynyl-N^(t)-dimethyl-2,6-diaminopurine nucleotide involves both the formation of the β-D-2′-deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2′-β-ethynyl-N⁶-dimethyl-2,6-diaminopurine nucleoside triphosphate as well as the generation of the corresponding guanine nucleoside triphosphate. These metabolic pathways are illustrated in Schemes 2 and 3 below.

Stabilized Phosphate Prodrugs

Stabilized phosphate prodrugs are moieties that can deliver a mono, di, or triphosphate in vivo. For example, McGuigan has disclosed phosphoramidates in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,933,053; 8,759,318; 8,658,616; 8,263,575; 8,119,779; 7,951,787 and 7,115,590. Alios has disclosed thiophosphoramidates in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,895,723 and 8,871,737 incorporated by reference herein. Alios has also disclosed cyclic nucleotides in U.S. Pat. No. 8,772,474 incorporated by reference herein. Idenix has disclosed cyclic phosphoramidates and phosphoramidate/SATE derivatives in WO 2013/177219 incorporated by reference herein. Idenix has also disclosed substituted carbonyloxymethylphosphoramidate compounds in WO 2013/039920 incorporated by reference herein. Hostetler has disclosed lipid phosphate prodrugs, see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,517,858 incorporated by reference herein. Hostetler has also disclosed lipid conjugates of phosphonate prodrugs, see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,889,658; 8,846,643; 8,710,030; 8,309,565; 8,008,308; and 7,790,703. Emory University has disclosed nucleotide sphingoid and lipid derivatives in WO 2014/124430 incorporated by reference herein. RFS Pharma has disclosed purine nucleoside monophosphate prodrugs in WO 2010/091386. Cocrystal Pharma Inc. has also disclosed purine nucleoside monophosphate prodrugs in U.S. Pat. No. 9,173,893 incorporated by reference herein. HepDirect™ technology is disclosed in the article “Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of a Series of Cytochrome P(450) 3A-Activated Prodrugs (HepDirect Prodrugs) Useful for Targeting Phosph(on)ate-Based Drugs to the Liver,” (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 5154-5163 (2004). Additional phosphate prodrugs include, but are not limited to phosphate esters, 3′,5′-cyclic phosphates including CycloSAL, SATE derivatives (S-acyl-2thioesters) and DTE (dithiodiethyl) prodrugs. For literature reviews that disclose non-limiting examples see: A. Ray and K. Hostetler, “Application of kinase bypass strategies to nucleoside antivirals,” Antiviral Research (2011) 277-291; M. Sofia, “Nucleotide prodrugs for HCV therapy,” Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 2011; 22-23-49; and S. Peyrottes et al., “SATE Pronucleotide Approaches: An Overview,” Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2004, 4, 395. In one embodiment, a 5′-prodrug described in any of these patent filings or literature can be used in the R⁴ position of the presented compounds.

In one alternative embodiment, the stabilized phosphate prodrugs, include, but are not limited to those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,173,893 and 8,609,627, incorporated by reference herein, including for processes of preparation. For example, 5′-prodrugs of Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, Formula IV, Formula V, and Formula VI can be represented by the group:

In an alternate embodiment, 3′,5′-prodrugs of Formula I-VI can be represented by the group:

wherein: when chirality exists at the phosphorous center it may be wholly or partially R_(p) or S_(p) or any mixture thereof.

Z is O or S;

R³³ is selected from OR³⁴,

and fatty alcohol derived (for example but not limited to:

wherein R³⁴, R³⁵, and R³⁶ are as defined below; R³¹ and R³², when administered in vivo, are capable of providing the nucleoside monophosphate or thiomonophosphate, which may or may not be partially or fully resistant to 6-NH₂ deamination in a biological system. Representative R³¹ and R³² are independently selected from: (a) OR³⁴ where R³⁴ is selected from H, Li, Na, K, phenyl and pyridinyl; phenyl and pyridinyl are substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of (CH₂)₀₋₆CO₂R³⁷ and (CH₂)₀₋₆CON(R³)₂; R³⁷ is independently H, C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, the carbon chain derived from a fatty alcohol (such as oleyl alcohol, octacosanol, triacontanol, linoleyl alcohol, and etc) or C₁₋₂₀ alkyl substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy, di(lower alkyl)-amino, fluoro, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl; wherein the substituents are C₁₋₅ alkyl, or C₁₋₅ alkyl substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy, di(lower alkyl)-amino, fluoro, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl; (b)

(c) the ester of a D-amino acid or L-amino acid

where R³⁶ is restricted to those sidechains occurring in natural L-amino acids, and R³⁵ is H, C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, the carbon chain derived from a fatty alcohol (such as oleyl alcohol, octacosanol, triacontanol, linoleyl alcohol, and etc) or C₁₋₂₀ alkyl substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy, di(lower alkyl)-amino, fluoro, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl; wherein the substituents are C₁₋₅ alkyl, or C₁₋₅ alkyl substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy, di(lower alkyl)-amino, fluoro, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl; (d) R³¹ and R³² can come together to form a ring

where R³⁸ is H, C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, the carbon chain derived from a fatty alcohol (such as oleyl alcohol, octacosanol, triacontanol, linoleyl alcohol, etc) or C₁₋₂₀ alkyl substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy, di(lower alkyl)-amino, fluoro, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as, pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl; wherein the substituents are C₁₋₅ alkyl, or C₁₋₅ alkyl substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy, di(lower alkyl)-amino, fluoro, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl; (e) R³¹ and R³² can come together to form a ring selected from

where R³⁹ is O or NH and R⁴⁰ is selected from H, C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ alkenyl, the carbon chain derived from a fatty acid (such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, and the like), and C₁₋₂₀ alkyl substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy, di(lower alkyl)-amino, fluoro, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, such as phenyl, heteroaryl, such as pyridinyl, substituted aryl, or substituted heteroaryl; wherein the substituents are C₁₋₅ alkyl, or C₁₋₅ alkyl substituted with a lower alkyl, alkoxy, di(lower alkyl)-amino, fluoro, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl.

The compounds can be prepared, for example, by preparing the 5′-OH analogs, then converting these to the monophosphate analogs.

Embodiments

In particular embodiments:

-   -   (i) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is hydrogen, R³         is hydrogen, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphate prodrug;     -   (ii) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is hydrogen, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a stabilized thiophosphate prodrug;     -   (iii) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R¹ is hydrogen,         R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a phosphoramidate;     -   (iv) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is hydrogen, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a thiophosphoramidate:     -   (v) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is hydrogen, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a monophosphate;     -   (vi) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is hydrogen, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a diphosphate;     -   (vii) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is hydrogen,         R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a triphosphate;     -   (viii) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is methyl, R³         is hydrogen, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphate prodrug;     -   (ix) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is methyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a stabilized thiophosphate prodrug;     -   (x) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is methyl, R³ is         hydrogen, and R⁴ is a phosphoramidate;     -   (xi) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is methyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a thiophosphoramidate:     -   (xii) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is methyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a monophosphate;     -   (xiii) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is methyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a diphosphate;     -   (xiv) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is methyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a triphosphate:     -   (xv) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is cyclopropyl,         R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphate prodrug;     -   (xvi) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is         cyclopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a stabilized         thiophosphate prodrug;     -   (xvii) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is         cyclopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a phosphoramidate;     -   (xviii) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is         cyclopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a thiophosphoramidate:     -   (xix) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is         cyclopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a monophosphate;     -   (xx) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is cyclopropyl,         R³ is methyl, and R⁴ is a diphosphate;     -   (xxi) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is         cyclopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a triphosphate;     -   (xxii) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is propyl, R³         is hydrogen, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphate prodrug;     -   (xxiii) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is propyl,         R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a stabilized thiophosphate prodrug;     -   (xxiv) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is propyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a phosphoramidate;     -   (xxv) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is propyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a thiophosphoramidate:     -   (xxvi) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is propyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a monophosphate;     -   (xxvii) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is propyl,         R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a diphosphate;     -   (xxviii) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R²         is propyl, R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a triphosphate;     -   (xxix) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is ethyl, R³         is hydrogen, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphate prodrug;     -   (xxx) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is ethyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a stabilized thiophosphate prodrug;     -   (xxxi) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is ethyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a phosphoramidate;     -   (xxxii) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl. R² is ethyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a thiophosphoramidate:     -   (xxxiii) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is ethyl,         R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a monophosphate;     -   (xxxiv) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is ethyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a diphosphate;     -   (xxxv) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is ethyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a triphosphate;     -   (xxxvi) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is methyl,         R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphate prodrug;     -   (xxxvii) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is methyl,         R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a stabilized thiophosphate prodrug;     -   (xxxviii) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is methyl,         R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a phosphoramidate;     -   (xxxix) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is methyl,         R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a thiophosphoramidate:     -   (xl) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is methyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a monophosphate;     -   (xli) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is methyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a diphosphate;     -   (xlii) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is methyl, R³         is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a triphosphate;     -   (xliii) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is hydrogen,         R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphate prodrug;     -   (xliv) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is hydrogen,         R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a stabilized thiophosphate prodrug;     -   (xlv) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is hydrogen,         R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a phosphoramidate;     -   (xlvi) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is hydrogen,         R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a thiophosphoramidate:     -   (xlvii) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is hydrogen,         R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a monophosphate;     -   (xlviii) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is         hydrogen, R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a diphosphate;     -   (xlix) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is hydrogen,         R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a triphosphate;     -   (l) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is cyclopropyl,         R³ is hydrogen, R⁴ is a stabilized phosphate prodrug;     -   (li) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is cyclopropyl,         R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a stabilized thiophosphate prodrug:     -   (lii) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is         cyclopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a phosphoramidate;     -   (liii) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is         cyclopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a thiophosphoramidate:     -   (liv) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is         cyclopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a monophosphate;     -   (lv) in Formula Ib, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is cyclopropyl,         R³ is methyl, and R⁴ is a diphosphate;     -   (lvi) in Formula Ia, Y is NR¹R², R¹ is methyl, R² is         cyclopropyl, R³ is hydrogen, and R⁴ is a triphosphate.

In alternative embodiments of any of the above, the compound has an R²² substituent. In some of these specific embodiments, the R²² is F, amide or carbamate. In other specific aspects of the embodiments above, R²² is chloro, bromo, cyano, azido, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl and n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimtheylpropyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1-methylbutyl, 1-ethylpropyl, vinyl, allyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, acetylenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, —(CH₂)-cyclopropyl, —(CH₂)-cyclobutyl, —(CH₂)-cyclopentyl, —(CH₂)-cyclohexyl, aziridine, oxirane, thiirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, thiolane, pyrazolidine, piperidine, oxane, thiane, —(CH₂)-aziridine, —(CH₂)-oxirane, —(CH₂)-thiirane, —(CH₂)-azetidine, —(CH₂)-oxetane, —(CH₂)-thietane, —(CH₂)-pyrrolidine, —(CH₂)— tetrahydrofuran, —(CH₂)-thiolane, —(CH₂)-pyrazolidine, —(CH₂)-piperidine, —(CH₂)-oxane, —(CH₂)-thiane, phenyl, pyridyl, —ONHC(═O)OCH₃, —ONHC(═O)OCH₂CH₃, —NHOH, NHOCH₃, —OCH₃, OC₂H₅, —OPh, OCH₂Ph, —SCH₃, —SC₂H₅, —SPh, SCH₂Ph, —NH(CH₂)₂NH₂, —NH(CH₂)₂N(CH₃)₂, —NHNH₂, —NHNHCH₃, —N═NH, —N═NCH₃, —N═NCH₂CH₃. —NHC(O)NHNH₂, —NHC(S)NHNH₂, —C(O)NHNH₂, —NHSO₂CH₃, —NHSO₂CH₂CH₃, —SO₂NHCH₃, —SO₂N(CH₃)₂, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHCH₃, —C(O)N(CH₃)₂, —CO₂CH₃, —CO₂CH₂CH₃, —CO₂Ph, CO₂CH₂Ph, —SO₂CH₃, —SO₂CH₂CH₃, —SO₂Ph, —SO₂CH₂Ph,

—P(O)H(OH), —P(O)H(OCH₃), —P(O)(OH)(OH), —P(O)(OH)(OCH₃), —P(O)(OCH₃)(OCH₃), —P(O)(OH)(NH₂), —P(O)(OH)(NHCH₃), —P(O)(OH)N(CH₃)₂, —NHC(O)CH₃, —NHC(O)CH₂CH₃, —NHC(O)CH(CH₃)₂, —NHC(O)OCH₃, —NHC(O)OCH₂CH₃, —NHC(O)OCH(CH₃)₂, —NHC(O)OCH₂CH₂CH₃, —NHC(O)OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ or —NHC(O)OCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃;

In alternative embodiments of compounds (i) through (lvi), an L-nucleoside is used in Formula I-VI.

In an alternate embodiment, the Formula I R¹² variable is CH₂F.

In an alternate embodiment, the Formula I R¹² variable is CHF₂.

In an alternate embodiment, the Formula I R¹² variable is CF₃.

In one embodiment, the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof is provided. Non-limiting examples of compounds of Formula I include:

In an alternative embodiment, the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof is provided. Additional non-limiting examples of compounds of Formula I include:

In one embodiment, the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula III or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof is provided. Non-limiting examples of Formula III include but are not limited to:

In an alternative embodiment, the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula III or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof is provided. Additional non-limiting examples of Formula III include but are not limited to:

In one embodiment, the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula III or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof is provided. Non-limiting examples of thiophosphoramidates of Formula III include, but are not limited to:

In an alternative embodiment, the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula III or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof is provided. Additional non-limiting examples of thiophosphoramidates of Formula III include, but are not limited to:

In one embodiment, the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof is provided. Non-limiting examples of stabilized phosphate prodrugs of Formula I are illustrated below:

In one embodiment, the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof is provided. Non-limiting examples of compounds of Formula II include:

In an alternative embodiment, the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof is provided. Non-limiting examples of compounds of Formula V include:

In one embodiment, the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula VI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof is provided. Non-limiting examples of compounds of Formula VI include:

In some embodiments, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R¹ is CH₃, R² is H, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R¹ is CH₃, R² is H, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R¹ is CH₃, R² is H, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R¹ is CH₃, R² is CH₃, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R¹ is CH₃, R² is CH₃, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R¹ is CH₃, R² is CH₃, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R¹ is cyclopropyl, R² is CH₃, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R¹ is cyclopropyl, R² is CH₃, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In some embodiments, R¹ is cyclopropyl, R² is CH₃, R³ is H and R⁴ is

In one embodiment, the use of an effective amount of a compound of Formula III or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the treatment of an infection of an RNA virus in a host, including a human in need thereof is provided. Non-limiting examples of Formula III include but are not limited to:

II. Definitions

The following terms are used to describe the present invention. In instances where a term is not specifically defined herein, that term is given an art-recognized meaning by those of ordinary skill applying that term in context to its use in describing the present invention.

The term “alkyl” shall mean within its context, a linear, or branch-chained fully saturated hydrocarbon radical or alkyl group which can be optionally substituted (for example, with halogen, including F). For example, an alkyl group can have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁-C₈ alkyl), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁-C₆ alkyl) or 1 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C₁-C₄ alkyl). Examples of suitable alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl and 2,3-dimethylbutyl.

The term “alkenyl” refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon group which contains at least one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms and a similar structure to an alkyl group as otherwise described herein. For example, an alkenyl group can have 2 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂-C₈ alkenyl), or 2 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂-C₄ alkenyl). Examples of suitable alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl or vinyl (—CH═CH₂), allyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂), 1-butenyl (—C═CH—CH₂CH₃) and 2-butenyl (—CH₂CH═CHCH₂). The alkenyl group can be optionally substituted as described herein.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon group containing at least one triple bond between adjacent carbon atoms and a similar structure to an alkyl group as otherwise described herein. For example, an alkynyl group can have 2 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂-C₈ alkyne,), or 2 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C₂-C₄ alkynyl). Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, acetylenic or ethynyl and propargyl. The alkynyl group can be optionally substituted as described herein.

The term “acyl” refers to the moiety —C(O)R in which the carbonyl moiety is bonded to R, for example, —C(O)alkyl. R can be selected from alkoxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, lower alkyl (i.e., C₁-C₄); alkoxyalkyl, including methoxymethyl; aralkyl- including benzyl, aryloxyalkyl- such as phenoxymethyl; aryl including phenyl optionally substituted with halogen, C₁ to C₄ alkyl or C₁ to C₄ alkoxy. In one embodiment, the term “acyl” refers to a mono, di or triphosphate.

The term “lower acyl” refers to an acyl group in which the carbonyl moiety is lower alkyl (i.e., C₁-C₄).

The term “alkoxy” refers to the group —OR′ where —OR′ is —O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O— alkynyl, —O—(C₀-C₂cycloalkyl), —O—(C₀-C₂)(heterocyclo), —O—(C₀-C₂)(aryl), or —O—(C₀-C₂)(heteroaryl), each of which can be optionally substituted.

The term “amino” refers to the group —NH₂.

The term “amino acid” or “amino acid residue” refers to a D- or L-natural or non-naturally occurring amino acid. Representative amino acids include, but are not limited to, alanine, β-alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, phenylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, proline, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine, among others.

The term “azido” refers to the group —N₃.

The term “aryl” or “aromatic”, in context, refers to a substituted (as otherwise described herein) or unsubstituted monovalent aromatic radical having a single ring (e.g., phenyl or benzyl) or condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, etc.) and can be bound to the compound according to the present invention at any available stable position on the ring(s) or as otherwise indicated in the chemical structure presented. The aryl group can be optionally substituted as described herein.

“Cycloalkyl”, “carbocycle”, or “carbocyclyl” refers to a saturated (i.e., cycloalkyl) or partially unsaturated (e.g., cycloakenyl, cycloalkadienyl, etc.) ring having 3 to 7 carbon atoms as a monocycle. Monocyclic carbocycles have 3 to 7 ring atoms, still more typically 5 or 6 ring atoms. Non-limiting examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, I-cyclopent-1-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl, I-cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl, and 1-cyclo-hex-3-enyl.

The term “cyano” refers to the group —CN.

The term “halogen” or “halo” refers to chloro, bromo, fluoro or iodo.

A heteroaryl ring system is a saturated or unsaturated ring with one or more nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur atoms in the ring (monocyclic) including but not limited to imidazole, furyl, pyrrole, furanyl, thiene, thiazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, purine, pyrazine, triazole, oxazole, or fused ring systems such as indole, quinoline, etc., among others, which may be optionally substituted as described above. Heteroaryl groups include nitrogen-containing heteroaryl groups such as pyrrole, pyridine, pyridone, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, triazine, tetrazole, indole, isoindole, indolizine, purine, indazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinolizine, phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, imidazopyridine, imidazotriazine, pyrazino-pyridazine, acridine, phenanthridine, carbazole, carbazoline, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenacene, oxadiazole, benzimidazole, pyrrolopyridine, pyrrolopyrimidine and pyridopyrimidine; sulfur-containing aromatic heterocycles such as thiophene and benzothiophene; oxygen-containing aromatic heterocycles such as furan, pyran, cyclopentapyran, benzofuran and isobenzofuran; and aromatic heterocycles comprising two or more hetero atoms selected from among nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen, such as thiazole, thiadiazole, isothiazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzothiadiazole, phenothiazine, isoxazole, furazan, phenoxazine, pyrazoloxazole, imidazothiazole, thienofuran, furopyrrole, pyridoxazine, furopyridine, furopyrimidine, thienopyrimidine and oxazole, among others, all of which may be optionally substituted.

The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclo” refers to a cyclic group which contains at least one heteroatom, i.e., O, N, or S, and may be aromatic (heteroaryl) or non-aromatic. Exemplary non-aromatic heterocyclic groups for use in the present invention include, for example, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, N-methylpiperazinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, oxathiolanyl, pyridone, 2-pyrrolidone, ethylene urea, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, phthalimide, and succinimide, among others, all of which may be optionally substituted.

The term “hydroxyl” refers to the group —OH.

The term “nitro” refers to the group —NO₂.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” or prodrug” is used throughout the specification to describe any pharmaceutically acceptable form (such as an ester, phosphoramidate, thiophosphoramidate, phosphate ester, salt of an ester, or a related group) of a 2′-substituted-N⁶′-substituted purine nucleotide which, upon administration to a patient, provides the desired active compound. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are organic acid addition salts formed with acids, which form a physiological acceptable anion, for example, tosylate, methanesulfonate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartrate, succinate, benzoate, ascorbate, α-ketoglutarate, and α-glycerophosphate. Suitable inorganic salts may also be formed, including sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate, and carbonate salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion. Alkali metal (for example, sodium, potassium, or lithium) or alkaline earth metal (for example calcium) salts of carboxylic acids can also be made.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” refers to a compound that is metabolized, for example hydrolyzed or oxidized, in the host to form the compound of the present invention. Typical examples of prodrugs include compounds that have biologically labile protecting groups on a functional moiety of the active compound. Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, hydroxylated, dehydroxylated, hydrolyzed, dehydrolyzed, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, dephosphorylated, thiophoshoramidated, dethiophoshoramidated, phoshoramidated or dephosphoramidated to produce the active compound. The compounds of this invention possess antiviral activity against an RNA virus, or are metabolized to a compound that exhibits such activity. The 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleoside can also be administered as a 5′-phosphoether lipid, a bisphosphoramidate, a 3′,5′-cyclic phosphoramidate, a 3′,5′-cyclic thiophosphoramidate, a DTE conjugate, a mixed phosphoramidate-SATE derivative or a “SATE” derivative.

The term “phosphonic acid” refers to the group —P(O)(OH)₂.

In one embodiment, the term purine or pyrimidine base includes, but is not limited to, adenine, N⁶-alkylpurines, N⁶-acylpurines (wherein acyl is —C(O)alkyl, —C(O)(aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl, or —C(O)(C₀-C₄alkyl)aryl), N⁶-benzylpurine, N⁶-halopurine, N⁶-vinylpurine, N⁶-acetylenic purine, N⁶-acyl purine, N⁶-hydroxyalkyl purine, N⁶-thioalkyl purine, N²-alkylpurines, N²-alkyl-6-thiopurines, thymine, cytosine, 5-fluorocytosine, 5-methylcytosine, 6-azapyrimidine, including 6-azacytosine, 2- and/or 4-mercaptopyrmidine, uracil, 5-halouracil, including 5-fluorouracil, C⁵-alkylpyrimidines, C⁵-benzylpyrimidines, C⁵-halopyrimidines, C⁵-vinylpyrimidine, C⁵-acetylenic pyrimidine, C⁵-acyl pyrimidine, C⁵-hydroxyalkyl purine, C⁵-amidopyrimidine, C⁵-cyanopyrimidine, C⁵-nitropyrimidine, C⁵-aminopyrimidine, N²-alkylpurines, N²-alkyl-6-thiopurines, 5-azacytidinyl, 5-azauracilyl, triazolopyridinyl, imidazolopyridinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and pyrazolo-pyrimidinyl. Purine bases include, but are not limited to, guanine, adenine, hypoxanthine, 2,6-diaminopurine, and 6-chloropurine. Functional oxygen and nitrogen groups on the base can be protected as necessary or desired. Suitable protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art, and include benzyl, trimethylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, trityl, alkyl groups, and acyl groups such as acetyl and propionyl; methanesulfonyl, and p-toluenesulfonyl. Alternatively, the purine or pyrimidine base can optionally be substituted such that it forms a viable prodrug, which can be cleaved in vivo.

Examples of appropriate substituents include an acyl moiety.

The term “substituted” or “optionally substituted” indicates that the moiety can have at least one additional substituent including, but not limited to, halogen (F, Cl, Br, I), OH, phenyl, benzyl, N₃, CN, acyl, alkyl, including methyl; alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl; including CHF₂, CH₂F and CF₃; etc. In one embodiment, the term “substituted” or “optionally substituted” indicates that the moiety can have at least one additional substituent including, but not limited to, azido, cyano, halogen (fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo), alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, —NH(C₁-C₆ unsubstituted alkyl), —NH(C₁-C₆ substituted alkyl), —NH—(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₆cycloalkyl), —NH—(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₈heterocycle), —NH—(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl), —N(C₁-C₆ unsubstituted alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ unsubstituted alkyl)(C₁-C₆ substituted alkyl), —N(C₁-C₆ substituted alkyl)₂, —NH—(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₈cycloalkyl), —NH—(C₀-C₂alkyl)(C₃-C₈heterocycle), —NH—(C₀-C₂alkyl)(aryl), acyl, nitro, sulfonic acid, sulfate, phosphonic acid, phosphate, phosphonate, or thiol.

The term “sulfonate esters”, represented by the formula, R¹⁴S(O)₂OR¹⁵, comprise R¹⁴ wherein R¹⁴ is alkyl, haloalkyl, aralkyl or aryl. R¹⁵ is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl.

The term “sulfonic acid” refers to the group —SO₂OH.

The term “thiol” refers to the group —SH.

The term “nitrogen-protecting group” as used herein refers to a moiety that is covalently attached to nitrogen and which can be removed, and typically replaced with hydrogen, when appropriate. For example, a nitrogen-protecting group may be a group that is removed in vivo after administration to a host, in vitro by a cell, or it may be removed during a manufacturing process. Suitable nitrogen-protecting groups useful in the present invention are described by Greene and Wuts in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (1991) New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

The term “oxygen-protecting group” as used herein refers to a moiety that is covalently attached to oxygen and which can be removed, and typically replaced with hydrogen, when appropriate. For example, an oxygen-protecting group may be a group that is removed in vivo after administration to a host, in vitro by a cell, or it may be removed during a manufacturing process. Suitable oxygen-protecting groups useful in the present invention are described by Greene and Wuts in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (1991) New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

“Phosphate” refers to the group —OP(O)(OH)₂.

“Phosphate ester” refers to mono, di, and tri phosphates unless otherwise indicated.

The term “phosphoamidate”, “phosphoramidate”, or “phosphoroamidate” is a moiety that has a phosphorus bound to three oxygen groups and an amine (which may optionally be substituted). Suitable phosphoramidates useful in the present invention are described by Madela, Karolina and McGuigan in 2012, “Progress in the development of anti-hepatitis C virus nucleoside and nucleotide prodrugs”, Future Medicinal Chemistry 4(5), pages 625-650 10:1021/jm300074y and Dominique, McGuigan and Balzarini in 2004, “Aryloxy Phosphoramidate Triesters as Pro-Tides”, Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 4(4), pages 371-381. Additional phosphoramidates useful in the present invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,233,031, 7,115,590, 7,547,704, 7,879,815, 7,888,330, 7,902,202, 7,951,789, 7,964,580, 8,071,568; 8,148,349, 8,263,575, 8,324,179, 8,334,270, 8,552,021, 8,563,530, 8,580,765, 8,735,372, 8,759,318; EP 2120565; EP 1143995; 6,455,513; and 8,334,270. Other phosphoramidates are described in the nucleoside patents described in the Background of the Invention.

Phosphoramidate groups for use in the present invention include those of the structures:

Other phosphoramidates for use in the present invention include those of the structure:

wherein:

R^(P1) is an optionally substituted linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group, or an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic group or a linked combination thereof; and

R^(P2) is a —NR^(N1)R^(N2) group or a B′ group;

wherein:

R^(N1) and R^(N2) are each independently H, C₁₋₈alkyl, (C₃-C₇cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (C₃-C₆heterocyclo)C₀-C₄alkyl-, or (heteroaryl)C₀-C₄alky-; which may be optionally substituted; or

R^(N1) and R^(N2) along with the nitrogen atom to which that are attached, join to form a 3 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring;

B′ is a

group;

wherein:

R¹⁶ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₅)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, (C₃-C₈cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (C₃-C₆heterocyclo)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (heteroaryl)C₀-C₄alky-, or the sidechain of an amino acid, for example a sidechain of an amino acid (as otherwise described herein) often selected from the group consisting of alanine, β-alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, phenylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, proline, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine (often R¹⁶ is hydrogen, methyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl);

R¹⁷ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, (C₃-C₈cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (C₃-C₆heterocyclo)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (heteroaryl)C₀-C₄alky-, or the sidechain of an amino acid, for example a sidechain of an amino acid (as otherwise described herein) often selected from the group consisting of alanine, β-alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, phenylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, proline, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine (often R¹⁷ is hydrogen, methyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl);

R¹⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₃alkyl; or

R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ can form a (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl or (C₃-C₇)heterocyclic group; or

R¹⁸ and R¹⁶ or R¹⁷ can form (C₃-C₆)heterocyclic group; and

R¹⁹ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)alkenyl, (C₃-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₈cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (C₃-C₆heterocyclo)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (heteroaryl)C₀-C₄alky-; or

B′ is a

group;

wherein.

R²⁰ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₃-C₈cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (C₃-C₆heterocyclo)C₀-C₄alkyl-, or (heteroaryl)C₀-C₄alky-;

R²¹ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₃)alkyl, (C₃-C₈cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (C₃-C₆heterocyclo)C₀-C₄alkyl-, or (heteroaryl)C₀-C₄alky-; and

R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are as defined above.

Typical R^(P1) groups include optionally substituted phenyl, naphthyl, and monocyclic heteroaryl groups, especially those groups (particularly lipophilic groups) which enhance bioavailability of the compounds in the cells of the patient and which exhibit reduced toxicity, enhanced therapeutic index and enhanced pharmacokinetics (the compounds are metabolized and excreted more slowly).

The term phosphoramidate is used throughout the specification to describe a group that is found at the 5′ or 3′ position of the furanose ring of the nucleoside compound and forms a prodrug form of the nucleoside compound. In one embodiment, phosphoramidates can be found at both the 5′ and 3′ position of the furanose ring of the nucleoside compound and form a prodrug form of the nucleoside compound. In another embodiment, the phosphoramidate found at the 5′ position of the furanose ring of the nucleoside can form a cyclic phosphoramidate compound by forming a bond with the 3′-hydroxyl substituent at the 3′ position of the furanose ring of the nucleoside compound and form a prodrug form of the nucleoside compound.

The term “thiophosphoamidate”, “thiophosphoramidate”, or “thiophosphoroamidate” is a moiety that has a phosphorus bound to sulfur, two oxygen groups and an amine (which may optionally be substituted). Thiophosphoramidates useful in the present invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,772,474 and WO 2012/040124.

Thiophosphoramidate groups for use in the present invention include those of the structures:

Other thiophosphoramidates include those of the structure:

wherein:

R^(P1) is an optionally substituted linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group, or an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic group or a linked combination thereof; and

R^(P2) is a —NR^(N1)R^(N2) group or a B′ group;

wherein:

R^(N1) and R^(N2) are each independently H, C₁-C₅ alkyl, (C₃-C₇cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (C₃-C₆heterocyclo)C₀-C₄alkyl-, or (heteroaryl)C₀-C₄alky-; or

R^(N1) and R^(N2) along with the nitrogen atom to which that are attached, join to form a 3 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring;

B′ is a

group;

wherein:

R¹⁶ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₇)alkynyl, (C₃-C₈cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (C₃-C₆heterocyclo)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (heteroaryl)C₀-C₄alky-, or the sidechain of an amino acid, for example a sidechain of an amino acid (as otherwise described herein) often selected from the group consisting of alanine, β-alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, phenylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, proline, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine (often R¹⁶ is hydrogen, methyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl);

R¹⁷ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, (C₃-C₈cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (C₃-C₆heterocyclo)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (heteroaryl)C₀-C₄alky-, or the sidechain of an amino acid, for example a sidechain of an amino acid (as otherwise described herein) often selected from the group consisting of alanine, β-alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, phenylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, proline, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine (often R¹⁷ is hydrogen, methyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl);

R¹⁸ is hydrogen or C₁-C₃alkyl; or

R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ can form a (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl or (C₃-C₇)heterocyclic group; or

R¹⁸ and R¹⁶ or R¹⁷ can form (C₃-C₆) heterocyclic group; and

R¹⁹ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)alkenyl, (C₃-C₆)alkynyl, (C₃-C₈cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (aryl)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (C₃-C₆heterocyclo)C₀-C₄alkyl-, (heteroaryl)C₀-C₄alky-; or

B′ is a

group; and

R¹⁸, R¹⁹, R²⁰ and R²¹ are as defined above.

Typical R^(P1) groups include optionally substituted phenyl, naphthyl, and monocyclic heteroaryl groups, especially those groups (particularly lipophilic groups) which enhance bioavailability of the compounds into the cells of the patient and which exhibit reduced toxicity, enhanced therapeutic index and enhanced pharmacokinetics (the compounds are metabolized and excreted more slowly).

The thiophosphoramidate can be at the 5′ or 3′ position of the furanose ring of the nucleoside compound to form a prodrug form of the nucleoside compound. In one embodiment, thiophosphoramidates can be found at both the 5′ and 3′ position of the furanose ring of the nucleoside compound and form a prodrug form of the nucleoside compound. In another embodiment, the thiophosphoramidate found at the 5′ position of the furanose ring of the nucleoside can form a cyclic thiophosphoramidate compound by forming a bond with the 3′-hydroxyl substituent at the 3′ position of the furanose ring of the nucleoside compound and form a prodrug form of the nucleoside compound.

The term “D-configuration” as used in the context of the present invention refers to the principle configuration which mimics the natural configuration of sugar moieties as opposed to the unnatural occurring nucleosides or “L” configuration. The term “β” or “β anomer” is used with reference to nucleoside analogs in which the nucleoside base is configured (disposed) above the plane of the furanose moiety in the nucleoside analog.

The terms “coadminister” and “coadministration” or combination therapy are used to describe the administration of at least one of the 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotide compounds according to the present invention in combination with at least one other active agent, for example where appropriate at least one additional anti-RNA virus agent, including other 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotide agents which are disclosed herein. The timing of the coadministration is best determined by the medical specialist treating the patient. It is sometimes preferred that the agents be administered at the same time. Alternatively, the drugs selected for combination therapy may be administered at different times to the patient. Of course, when more than one viral or other infection or other condition is present, the present compounds may be combined with other agents to treat that other infection or condition as required.

The term “host”, as used herein, refers to a unicellular or multicellular organism in which an RNA virus can replicate, including cell lines and animals, and typically a human. The term host specifically refers to infected cells, cells transfected with all or part of an RNA virus genome, and animals, in particular, primates (including chimpanzees) and humans. In most animal applications of the present invention, the host is a human patient. Veterinary applications, in certain indications, however, are clearly anticipated by the present invention (such as chimpanzees). The host can be for example, bovine, equine, avian, canine, feline, etc.

Isotopic Substitution

The present invention includes the use of compounds with desired isotopic substitutions of atoms, at amounts above the natural abundance of the isotope, i.e., enriched. Isotopes are atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers, i.e., the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. By way of general example and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen, for example, deuterium (²H) and tritium (³H) may be used anywhere in described structures. Alternatively, or in addition, isotopes of carbon, e.g., ¹³C and ¹⁴C, may be used. A typical isotopic substitution is deuterium for hydrogen at one or more locations on the molecule to improve the performance of the drug. The deuterium can be bound in a location of bond breakage during metabolism (an α-deuterium kinetic isotope effect) or next to or near the site of bond breakage (a β-deuterium kinetic isotope effect). Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (WO/2014/169278 and WO/2014/169280) describes deuteration of nucleotides to improve their pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics, including at the 5-position of the molecule.

Substitution with isotopes such as deuterium can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. Substitution of deuterium for hydrogen at a site of metabolic break down can reduce the rate of or eliminate the metabolism at that bond. At any position of the compound that a hydrogen atom may be present, the hydrogen atom can be any isotope of hydrogen, including protium (¹H), deuterium (²H) and tritium (³H). Thus, reference herein to a compound encompasses all potential isotopic forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

The term “isotopically-labeled” analog refers to an analog that is a “deuterated analog”, a “¹³C-labeled analog,” or a “deuterated/¹³C-labeled analog.” The term “deuterated analog” means a compound described herein, whereby an H-isotope, i.e., hydrogen/protium (¹H), is substituted by an H-isotope, i.e., deuterium (²H). Deuterium substitution can be partial or complete. Partial deuterium substitution means that at least one hydrogen is substituted by at least one deuterium. In certain embodiments, the isotope is 90, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% or more enriched in an isotope at any location of interest. In some embodiments, it is deuterium that is 90, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% enriched at a desired location. Unless indicated to the contrary, the deuteration is at least 80% at the selected location. Deuteration of the nucleoside can occur at any replaceable hydrogen that provides the desired results.

III. Methods of Treatment or Prophylaxis

Treatment, as used herein, refers to the administration of an active compound to a host who is infected with an RNA virus, for example, a human.

The term “prophylactic” or preventative when used refers to the administration of an active compound to prevent or reduce the likelihood of an occurrence of the viral disorder. The present invention includes both treatment and prophylactic or preventative therapies. In one embodiment, the active compound is administered to a host who has been exposed to and thus at risk of infection by an RNA virus infection.

The invention is directed to a method of treatment or prophylaxis of an RNA virus, including drug resistant and multidrug resistant forms of RNA virus and related disease states, conditions, or complications of an RNA virus infection, as well as other conditions that are secondary to an RNA virus infection, such as weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss, breast enlargement (especially in men), rash (especially on the palms), difficulty with clotting of blood, spider-like blood vessels on the skin, confusion, coma (encephalopathy), buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), esophageal varices, portal hypertension, kidney failure, enlarged spleen, decrease in blood cells, anemia, thrombocytopenia, jaundice, and hepatocellular cancer, among others. The method comprises administering to a host in need thereof an effective amount of at least one 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotide as described herein, optionally in combination with at least one additional bioactive agent, for example, an additional anti-RNA virus agent, further in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier additive and/or excipient.

In yet another aspect, the present invention is a method for prevention or prophylaxis of an RNA virus infection or a disease state or related or follow-on disease state, condition or complication of an RNA virus infection, including hepatotoxicities, weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss, breast enlargement (especially in men), rash (especially on the palms), difficulty with clotting of blood, spider-like blood vessels on the skin, confusion, coma (encephalopathy), buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites), esophageal varices, portal hypertension, kidney failure, enlarged spleen, decrease in blood cells, anemia, thrombocytopenia, jaundice, and hepatocellular (liver) cancer, among others, said method comprising administering to a patient at risk with an effective amount of at least one compound according to the present invention as described above in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive, or excipient, optionally in combination with another anti-RNA virus agent.

The 5′-stabilized 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotide can be administered if desired as any salt or prodrug that upon administration to the recipient is capable of providing directly or indirectly the parent compound, or that exhibits activity itself. Nonlimiting examples are the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and a compound, which has been modified at a function group, such as a hydroxyl or amine function, to modify the biological activity, pharmacokinetics, half-life, controlled delivery, lipophilicity, absorption kinetics, ease of phosphorylation to the active 5′-triphosphate or efficiency of delivery using a desired route of administration of the compound. Methods to modify the properties of an active compound to achieve target properties are known to those of skill in the art or can easily be assessed by standard methods, for example, acylation, phosphorylation, thiophosphoramidation, phosphoramidation, phosphonation, alkylation, or pegylation.

In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a double stranded RNA virus.

In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-stranded RNA virus.

In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a negative-stranded RNA virus.

In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a double stranded RNA virus from the family Amalgaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a double stranded RNA virus from the family Birnaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a double stranded RNA virus from the family Chrysoviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a double stranded RNA virus from the family Cystoviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a double stranded RNA virus from the family Endornaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a double stranded RNA virus from the family Hypoviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a double stranded RNA virus from the family AMegabirnaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a double stranded RNA virus from the family Partitiviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a double stranded RNA virus from the family Picohirnaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a double stranded RNA virus from the family Quadriviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a double stranded RNA virus from the family Reoviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a double stranded RNA virus from the family Totiviridae.

In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the order Nidovirales. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the order Picornavirales. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the order Tymovirales. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Arteviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Coronaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Mesoniviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Roniviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Dicistroviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Ifaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Marnaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Picornaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Secoviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Alphaflexiviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Betaflexiviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Gammaflexiviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Tymoviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Alphatetraviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Alvernaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Astroviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Barnaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Benyviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Bromoviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Caliciviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Carmotetraviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Closteroviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Fusariviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Hepeviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Leviviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Luteoviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Narnaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Nodaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Permutotetraviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Potyviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Togaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Tombusviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Virgairidae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a positive-sense RNA virus from the family Flaviviridae genuses Flavivirus and Pestivirus.

In one embodiment, the Flavivirus infection is Dengue fever. In a further embodiment, the Dengue fever is Dengue virus type 1, type 2, type 3, or type 4. In one embodiment, the Flavivirus infection is West Nile fever. In one embodiment, the Flavivirus infection is Yellow fever. In one embodiment, the Flavivirus infection is from the Zika virus. In one embodiment, the Pestivirus infection is BVDV.

In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a negative-sense ssRNA virus from the order Mononegavirales. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a negative-sense ssRNA virus from the family Bornaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a negative-sense ssRNA virus from the family Filoviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a negative-sense ssRNA virus from the family Paramyxoviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a negative-sense ssRNA virus from the family Rhabdoviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a negative-sense ssRNA virus from the family Nyamiviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a negative-sense ssRNA virus from the family Arenaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a negative-sense ssRNA virus from the family Bunyaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a negative-sense ssRNA virus from the family Ophioviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with a negative-sense ssRNA virus from the family Orthomyroviridae.

In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Borna disease virus. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Ebola virus. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Marburg virus. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Measles virus. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Mumps virus. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Nipah virus. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Hendra virus. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Rhabdoviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Rabies virus. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Nyamiviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Nyavirus. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Arenaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Lassa virus.

In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Bunyaviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Hantavirus. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Ophioviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with Orthomyxoviridae. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with influenza virus. In one embodiment, an active compound is administered to a host that is infected with subtype 5 Coxsackie B virus.

IV. Pharmaceutical Compositions

In an aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention comprise an anti-RNA virus effective amount of at least one of the 5′-stabilized 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotide compounds described herein, optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive, or excipient, further optionally in combination or alternation with at least one other active compound. In certain embodiments, the treated virus is other than a hepacivirus or other than HCV.

In an aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention comprise an anti-RNA virus effective amount of at least one of the active 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotide compounds described herein, optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive, or excipient, further optionally in combination with at least one other antiviral, such as an anti-RNA virus agent.

The invention includes pharmaceutical compositions that include an effective amount to treat an RNA virus infection of one of the 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotide compounds of the present invention or its salt or prodrug, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In an alternative embodiment, the invention includes pharmaceutical compositions that include an effective amount to prevent an RNA virus infection of one of the 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotide compounds of the present invention or its salt or prodrug, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a therapeutically effective amount will vary with the infection or condition to be treated, its severity, the treatment regimen to be employed, the pharmacokinetics of the agent used, as well as the patient or subject (animal or human) to be treated, and such therapeutic amount can be determined by the attending physician or specialist. In one embodiment, the patient is a human.

The 5′-stabilized 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotide compounds according to the present invention can be formulated in an admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In general, it is typical to administer the pharmaceutical composition in orally administrable form, but certain formulations may be administered via a parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, topical, transdermal, buccal, subcutaneous, suppository, or other route, including intranasal spray. Intravenous and intramuscular formulations are often administered in sterile saline. One of ordinary skill in the art may modify the formulations to render them more soluble in water or other vehicle, for example, this can be easily accomplished by minor modifications (salt formulation, esterification, etc.) which are well within the ordinary skill in the art. It is also well within the routineers' skill to modify the route of administration and dosage regimen of a particular compound in order to manage the pharmacokinetics of the present compounds for maximum beneficial effect in patients.

In certain pharmaceutical dosage forms, the prodrug form of the compounds, especially including acylated (acetylated or other), and ether (alkyl and related) derivatives, phosphate esters, thiophosphoramidates, phosphoramidates, and various salt forms of the present compounds, are typical. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize how to readily modify the present compounds to prodrug forms to facilitate delivery of active compounds to a targeted site within the host organism or patient. The routineer also will take advantage of favorable pharmacokinetic parameters of the prodrug forms, where applicable, in delivering the present compounds to a targeted site within the host organism or patient to maximize the intended effect of the compound.

The amount of compound included within therapeutically active formulations according to the present invention is an effective amount for treating the RNA virus infection, reducing the likelihood of an RNA virus infection or the inhibition, reduction, and/or abolition of an RNA virus or its secondary effects, including disease states, conditions, and/or complications which occur secondary to an RNA virus infection. In general, a therapeutically effective amount of the present compound in pharmaceutical dosage form usually ranges from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg per day or more, more often, slightly less than about 0.1 mg/kg to more than about 25 mg/kg per day of the patient or considerably more, depending upon the compound used, the condition or infection treated and the route of administration. The active nucleoside compound according to the present invention is often administered in amounts ranging from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg per day of the patient, depending upon the pharmacokinetics of the agent in the patient. This dosage range generally produces effective blood level concentrations of active compound which may range from about 0.001 to about 100, about 0.05 to about 100 micrograms/cc of blood in the patient.

Often, to treat, prevent or delay the onset of these infections and/or to reduce the likelihood of an RNA virus infection, or a secondary disease state, condition or complication of an RNA virus infection, the compositions will be administered in oral dosage form in amounts ranging from about 250 micrograms up to about 500 mg or more at least once a day, for example, at least 25, 50, 100, 150, 250 or 500 milligrams, up to four times a day. The present compounds are often administered orally, but may be administered parenterally, topically, or in suppository form, as well as intranasally, as a nasal spray or as otherwise described herein.

In the case of the co-administration of the present compounds in combination with another anti-RNA virus compound as otherwise described herein, the amount of the compound according to the present invention to be administered ranges from about 0.01 mg/kg of the patient to about 500 mg/kg, or more of the patient or considerably more, depending upon the second agent to be co-administered and its potency against the virus, the condition of the patient and severity of the disease or infection to be treated and the route of administration. The other anti-RNA virus agent may for example be administered in amounts ranging from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, these compounds may be often administered in an amount ranging from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg or more (usually up to about 100 mg/kg), generally depending upon the pharmacokinetics of the two agents in the patient. These dosage ranges generally produce effective blood level concentrations of active compound in the patient.

For purposes of the present invention, a prophylactically or preventive effective amount of the compositions according to the present invention falls within the same concentration range as set forth above for therapeutically effective amount and is usually the same as a therapeutically effective amount.

Administration of the active compound may range from continuous intravenous drip to several oral or intranasal administrations per day (for example, Q.I.D.) or transdermal administration and may include oral, topical, parenteral, intramuscular, intravenous, sub-cutaneous, transdermal (which may include a penetration enhancement agent), buccal, and suppository administration, among other routes of administration. Enteric coated oral tablets may also be used to enhance bioavailability of the compounds for an oral route of administration. The most effective dosage form will depend upon the bioavailability/pharmacokinetics of the particular agent chosen as well as the severity of disease in the patient. Oral dosage forms are particularly typical, because of ease of administration and prospective favorable patient compliance.

To prepare the pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention, a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds according to the present invention is often intimately admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques to produce a dose. A carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral. In preparing pharmaceutical compositions in oral dosage form, any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be used. Thus, for liquid oral preparations such as suspensions, elixirs, and solutions, suitable carriers and additives including, but not limited to, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents may be used. For solid oral preparations such as powders, tablets, capsules, and for solid preparations such as suppositories, suitable carriers and additives including, but not limited to, starches, sugar carriers, such as dextrose, manifold, lactose, and related carriers, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents may be used. If desired, the tablets or capsules may be enteric-coated or sustained release by standard techniques. The use of these dosage forms may significantly enhance the bioavailability of the compounds in the patient.

For parenteral formulations, the carrier will usually comprise sterile water or aqueous sodium chloride solution, though other ingredients, including those which aid dispersion, also may be included. Of course, where sterile water is to be used and maintained as sterile, the compositions and carriers must also be sterilized. Injectable suspensions may also be prepared, in which case appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents, and the like may be employed.

Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to viral antigens) may also be prepared by conventional methods to produce pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. This may be appropriate for the delivery of free nucleosides, acyl/alkyl nucleosides or phosphate ester pro-drug forms of the nucleoside compounds according to the present invention.

In typical embodiments, according to the present invention, the compounds and compositions are used to treat, prevent or delay an RNA virus infection or a secondary disease state, condition or complication of an RNA virus infection.

V. Combination and Alternation Therapy

It is well recognized that drug-resistant variants of viruses can emerge after prolonged treatment with an antiviral agent. Drug resistance most typically occurs by mutation of a gene that encodes for an enzyme used in viral replication. The efficacy of a drug against an RNA virus infection can be prolonged, augmented, or restored by administering the compound in combination or alternation with another, and perhaps even two or three other, antiviral compounds that induce a different mutation or act through a different pathway, from that of the principle drug. Alternatively, the pharmacokinetics, bio distribution, half-life, or other parameter of the drug can be altered by such combination therapy (which may include alternation therapy if considered concerted). Since the disclosed 2′-substituted-N⁶-substituted purine nucleotides are polymerase inhibitors, it may be useful to administer the compound to a host in combination with, for example a:

-   -   (1) Protease inhibitor, such as an NS3/4A protease inhibitor;     -   (2) NS5A inhibitor;     -   (3) Another polymerase inhibitor;     -   (4) NS5B non-substrate inhibitor;     -   (5) Interferon alfa-2a, which may be pegylated or otherwise         modified, and/or ribavirin;     -   (6) Non-substrate-based inhibitor;     -   (7) Helicase inhibitor;     -   (8) Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (S-ODN);     -   (9) Aptamer,     -   (10) Nuclease-resistant ribozyme;     -   (11) iRNA, including microRNA and SiRNA;     -   (12) Antibody, partial antibody or domain antibody to the virus;         or     -   (13) Viral antigen or partial antigen that induces a host         antibody response.

Drugs that are currently approved for influenza are Amantadine, Rimantadine, Oseltamivir and Rapivab®. Any of these drugs can be used in combination or alternation with an active compound provided herein to treat a viral infection susceptible to such. Ribavirin is used to treat measles, Influenza A, influenza B, parainfluenza, severe RSV bronchiolitis and SARS as well as other viral infections, and therefore is particularly useful in combination with the present compound for treatment of the host infected with a single stranded RNA virus.

Currently, there are no approved drugs for West Nile virus. Physicians are recommended to provide intensive support therapy, which may involve hospitalization, intravenous fluids, use of a ventilator to assist breathing, medications to control seizures, brain swelling, nausea and vomiting, and the use of antibiotics to prevent bacterial infections for making the disease even worse. This highlights the importance of the present compounds for viral medical therapy.

In addition, there is no vaccine or specific treatment for the Zika virus. Instead the focus is on relieving symptoms which includes rest, rehydration and acetaminophen for fever and pain.

There is also no vaccine or specific treatment for Dengue fever. Supportive case for those infected include fluid replacement and analgesics, along with acetaminophen, aspirin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to treat fever and other symptoms.

The Yellow Fever Vaccine (YF-Vax) is manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur, Inc, and is recommended for those aged 9 and older who are traveling to areas of high risk, including South American and Africa. In one embodiment, a compound of Formula I, Formula II, Formula III, Formula IV, Formula V, or Formula VI is administered to a host in combination with the YF-Vax. No treatment exists for Yellow Fever, but an emphasis is placed on easing fever, muscle pain, and dehydration. Due to the risk of internal bleeding, aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are not recommended.

VI. Process of Preparation of 2′-Substituted-2-N⁶-Substituted Purine Nucleotides of the Invention

General methods for providing the compounds of the present invention are known in the art or described herein. The synthesis of 2′-chloro nucleotides is described in US 20150366888, WO 2014058801; WO 2015/066370 and WO 2015200219.

The following abbreviations are used in the synthetic schemes.

n-BuLi: n-Butyllithium

BSA: N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide

CBr₄: Carbon tetrabromide

DBU: 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene

DAST: Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride

DCM: Dichloromethane

DIEA: N,N-Diisopropylethylamine

DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide

EA: Ethyl acetate

EtOAc: Ethyl acetate

EtOH: Ethanol

Et₃N: Triethylamine

Na₂SO₄: Sodium sulphate (anhydrous)

MeCN: Acetonitrile

MeNH₂: Methylamine

MeOH: Methanol

NaOH: Sodium hydroxide

Na₂SO₄: Sodium sulfate

Na₂S₂O₃: Sodium thiosulfate

NaHCO₃: Sodium bicarbonate

NH₄Cl: Ammonium chloride

NH₄OH: Ammonium hydroxide

NLT: Not less than

PE: Petroleum ether

Ph₃P: Triphenylphosphine

pTSA H₂O: p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate

RT: Room Temperature

Silica gel (230 to 400 mesh, Sorbent)

TBAF: Tetrabutylammonium fluoride

THF: Tetrahydrofuran (THF), anhydrous

TMSCl: Chlorotrimethylsilane

TMSOTf: Trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate

TIPDSiCl₂: 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane

t-BuMgCl: t-Butyl magnesium chloride

t-BuOK: Sodium tert-butoxide

t-BuOH: Tert-butanol

EXAMPLES General Methods

¹H, ¹⁹F and ³¹P NMR spectra were recorded on a 300 MHz Fourier transform Brücker spectrometer. Spectra were obtained from samples prepared in 5 mm diameter tubes in CDCl₃, CD₃OD or DMSO-d₆. The spin multiplicities are indicated by the symbols s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), m (multiplet) and br (broad). Coupling constants (J) are reported in Hz. MS spectra were obtained using electrospray ionization (ESI) on an Agilent Technologies 6120 quadrupole MS apparatus. The reactions were generally carried out under a dry nitrogen atmosphere using Sigma-Aldrich anhydrous solvents. All common chemicals were purchased from commercial sources.

Preparation of Stereospecific Phosphorus Enantiomers

Certain of the active compounds described herein have a chiral phosphorus moiety. Any of the active compounds described herein can be provided as an isolated phosphorus enantiomeric form, for example, at least 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97% or 98% of the R or S enantiomer, using methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, there are a number of publications that describe how to obtain such compounds including, but not limited to, column chromatography, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,859,756, 8,642,756 and 8,333,309 to Ross, et al.

Example 1. Modification of the 2-Amino Moiety in the Active Compounds

One of ordinary skill in the art can add a substituent to the 2-amino purine moiety by methods well known to those skilled in the art. One non-limiting process is provided here, and others can be easily adapted. ((2R,3R,4R,5R)-3-(benzoyloxy)-5-bromo-4-fluoro-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl benzoate, is treated with commercially available 2,6-dichloropurine, a base and a mixture of organic solvents at an elevated temperature to generate (2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2,6-dichloro-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-(benzoyloxymethyl)-4-fluoro-4-methyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl benzoate. In one embodiment, the base is potassium tert-butoxide. In one embodiment, the mixture of organic solvents comprises tert-butanol and acetonitrile. The compound, (2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2,6-dichloro-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-(benzoyloxymethyl)-4-fluoro-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl benzoate is treated with an amine, a base and an organic solvent at ambient temperature to generate 2-chloro-N⁶-substituted purines. In one embodiment, the amine is methylamine. In one embodiment, the base is triethylamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is ethanol. One skilled in the art will also recognize that upon treatment with an amine and base, the benzoate groups on the nucleoside will simultaneously be removed to generate the deprotected furanose moiety. 2-Chloro-N⁶-substituted purines can then be treated with an amine, and an organic solvent in a sealed tube at an elevated temperature of about 100° C. to generate N²,N⁶-disubstituted purine nucleosides of the present invention. In one embodiment, the amine is methylamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is ethanol. N²,N⁶-Disubstituted purine nucleosides of the present invention can be treated with a base, isopropyl ((R,S)-(pentafluorophenoxy)-phenoxy-phosphoryl)-L-alaninate and an organic solvent at a reduced temperature to generate compounds of Formula I-VI. In one embodiment, the base is tert-butyl magnesium chloride. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran.

Example 2. Preparation of PPAL-S

Step 1. Preparation of Racemic PPAL

To a stirred solution of phenyl dichlorophosphate (250 g) in EtOAc (800 mL) was added isopropyl L-alaninate (200 g) in triethylamine (120 g) at −10° C. The reaction was stirred at −10° C. for 1 h. 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorophenol (220 g) in triethylamine (120 g) and EtOAc (400 mL) was added at −5° C., and stirred at −5° C. for 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 25° C., and stirred at 25° C. for 2 h. The solution was filtrated, washed with EtOAc (2×200 mL), and the combined organic phases were evaporated under vacuum to afford solid PPAL-RS (racemate).

Step 2. Preparation of PPAL-RS

To a stirred solution of PPAL-RS in EtOAc (200 mL) and n-heptane (1.4 L), was added 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenol (10.1 g) in triethylamine (6 g), and the reaction was stirred for about 4-8 h. After the R-isomer of the solid was less than 0.5% of the reaction mixture, the solid was filtered. The solid was dissolved in EtOAc (4 L), washed with water (2×100 mL), brine (1 L), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The solvent was removed under vacuum to afford PPAL-S(350 g).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ=7.42-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.22 (m, 3H), 6.87 (dd, J=14.1, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.90-4.84 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.88 (m, 1H), 1.27 (dd, J=7.1, 1.1 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (dd, J=6.2, 1.2 Hz, 6H) ppm. ¹³P NMR (160 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ=0.37 ppm.

Example 3. Preparation of PPAL-R

To a three-necked round bottom flask fitted with a mechanic stirrer were added phenyl dichlorophosphate (189.6 g, 0.90 mol) and anhydrous EtOAc (750 mL). The solution was cooled to −10° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. Iso-propyl L-alaninate (118 g, 0.90 mmol) and triethylamine (100 g, 1.1 eq) were added to the above solution. A pre-cooled (below 10° C.) mixture of 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenol (165 g, 1 eq) and triethylamine (90.5 g, 1 eq) in EtOAc (300 mL) was added to the mixture via an addition funnel at −5° C. and the resulting mixture was stirred between 20-25° C. for 1 hour. The white precipitate (TEA HCl) was filtered off and rinsed with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield PPAL-RS (approximately 280 g (S/R=1/1)) as a white solid. PPAL-RS (280 g) was triturated in 300 mL of heptane/EtOAc (20:1) at room temperature for 5 min. The white suspension was filtered and the solid was rinsed with a mixture of heptane/EtOAc (20.1). The filtrate was cooled to 8° C. and the solid was collected by filtration. Crude PPAL-R (10 g) was obtained with 95% chiral purity. The crude product was purified following the above step. PPAL-R (5 g) was obtained in NLT 98% chiral purity.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ=7.43-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.22 (m, 3H), 6.87 (dd, J=14.1, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.89-4.85 (m, 1H), 3.95-3.90 (m, 1H), 1.27 (dd, J=7.1, 1.1 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (dd, J=6.2, 1.2 Hz, 6H). ¹³P NMR(160 MHz, DMSO-ds)=0.35.

Stereospecific Syntheses of Compounds of Formulas I-IV Synthesis of β-D-2′-Deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2‘-β-ethynyl-N’-substituted-2,6-diaminopurine Nucleotides

Example 4. General Route to β-D-2′-Deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2‘-β-ethynyl-N’-substituted-2,6-diaminopurine Nucleotides

Step 1. Preparation of Compound 8

To a solution of 6-chloroguanosine (100 g, 332 mmol) in pyridine (400 mL) was added TIPDSiCl₂ (110 mL, 1.05 eq.) dropwise at −5-5° C. under a N₂ atmosphere. After stirring at −5-5° C. for 2 h, TLC showed that the starting material was consumed. DCM (600 mL) was added and TMSCl (85 mL, 2 eq.) was added dropwise at 0-5° C. After stirring at 0-5° C. for 2 h, TLC showed that the intermediate was consumed. Isobutyryl chloride was added dropwise at 0-5° C. After stirring at 0-5° C. for 2 h, TLC showed the intermediate was consumed. Water was added and the content was extracted with DCM. The organic phase was washed with 0.5N HCl to remove pyridine. The pH of the content was washed to 5-6, and pTSA.H₂O (9.2 g, 484.5 mmol) was added at 0-5° C. After stirring at 0-5° C. for 1 h, TLC showed the intermediate was consumed. Water was added and the organic phase was washed with water, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was purified with column chromatography (PE/EA=100->10/1) to afford a light yellow solid (82 g, 40%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.88 (s, 1H), 8.55 (s, 1H), 5.91 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (d, J=4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.72-4.58 (m, 2H), 4.16 (dd, J=12.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (ddd, J=7.7, 4.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (dd, J=12.4, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 2.78 (h, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.26-1.12 (m, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 6H), 1.09-0.88 (m, 24H).

Step 2. Preparation of Compound 9

To a solution of 8 (10.0 g, 16.3 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane at RT and the reaction was stirred for 12 h. TLC showed the starting material was consumed. The reaction mixture was then diluted with DCM (200 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous Na₂S₂O₃ and brine. The organic phase was then dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to afford crude 9 as a light yellow solid (12 g). The crude product can be used directly in the next step without purification.

Step 3. Preparation of Compound 10

To a solution of ethynyltrimethylsilane (18.6 mL, 142.7 mmol) in THF (240 mL) was added n-BuLi (46 mL, 2.5 M, 115.0 mmol) dropwise at −15-20° C. under a N₂ atmosphere. After stirring for 30 min, the reaction was cooled to −70° C., and 9 (crude, 16.3 mmol) in THF (60 mL) was added at 15-20° C. The content was then warmed to 0° C. TLC showed the starting material was consumed. Saturated aqueous NH₄Cl was added and the reaction was extracted with EA (100 mL) three times. The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, and further dried over Na₂SO₄. After concentration in vacuo, the residue was purified by column chromatography (PE/EA=100->10/1) to afford a light yellow solid (6.0 g, 52%).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 6.18 (s, 1H), 4.42 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.21-4.02 (m, 3H), 2.94 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 1.25 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 3H), 1.12-1.01 (m, 30H), 0.17 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 9H).

Step 4. Preparation of Compound 1

To a solution of 10 (6.0 g, 8.4 mmol) in DCM (240 mL) was added pyridine (4.2 mL, 52.9 mmol) under a N₂ atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to −70° C., and DAST (12 mL, 90.4 mmol) was added. The content was then warmed to −30° C. TLC showed that the starting material was consumed. The reaction was poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and then extracted with DCM (200 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. After being concentrated in vacuo, the residue was purified with column chromatography (PE/EA=100->10/1) to afford a light yellow solid (3.8 g, 63%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 6.24 (s, 1H), 5.98 (s, 2H), 5.32 (s, 1H), 4.44 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.23-4.07 (m, 4H), 2.91 (m, 1H) 1.32-1.27 (m, 10H), 1.13-1.06 (m, 24H), 0.23 (s, 9H).

Step 5. Preparation of Compound 12

To a solution of 11 (3.8 g, 5.3 mmol) in THF (120 mL) was added AcOH (1.3 g, 22 mmol) and TBAF (4.2 g, 15.9 mmol) at RT. The reaction was stirred at RT for 30 min. TLC showed the starting material was consumed. After being concentrated in vacuo, the residue was purified with column chromatography (EA) to afford the product as a white solid (2.0 g, 95%).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.75 (s, 1H), 6.57 (d, J=16.4 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (dd, J=21.7, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.14-3.95 (m, 2H), 3.91 (dd, J=12.8, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.81 (dt, J=13.7, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.22 (dd, J=6.9, 3.1 Hz, 6H).

General Procedure for Amino Displacement and Deprotection:

To a solution of 12 (350 mg, 0.88 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) was added a methanol or water solution of the corresponding amine (free base or salt as hydrochloride plus DIEA) at RT. The content was stirred at RT for 1-12 h. TLC showed the starting material was consumed. After concentration in vacuo, the residue was used directly in the next step without purification. The residue was dissolved in methanol (10 mL) and aqueous NaOH (2.5 N, 10 mL) was added. After stirring overnight at RT, TLC showed that starting material was consumed. The pH of the content was adjusted to 7-8 with 1 N HCl. The solution was concentrated and purified with column chromatography (DCM/MeOH=100->20/1) to afford the product as an off-white solid (yield: 40-80% over two steps). Table 1 illustrates the structures of compounds 1, 3, and 5 and the corresponding mass spectra and ¹H NMR for the respective compounds.

TABLE 1 Characterization of Compounds 1, 3, and 5 Compound No. Structure ¹H NMR/MS 1

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.05 (s, 1H), 6.27 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (dd, J = 21.7, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (dd, J = 11.0, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (dd, J = 13.1, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (s, 6H), 3.37 (s, 2H), 3.18 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H). [M + H]⁺ = 336.9 3

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 6.20-6.09 (m, 2H), 5.98 (s, 2H), 5.33 (t, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (dt, J = 22.1, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (q, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.36 (s, 1H), 3.18 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.89 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). [M + H]⁺ = 323.0 5

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.07 (s, 1H), 6.26 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (dd, J = 21.8, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.11-4.01 (m, 2H), 3.89 (d, J = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.89-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.37 (s, 2H), 3.21 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.97-2.86 (m, 1H), 1.00-0.77 (m, 2H), 0.67-0.46 (m, 2H). [M + H]⁺ = 348.8

Example 5. Synthesis of 6-N-Alkylnucleoside Pronucleotides

Preparation of (2S)-Isopropyl 2-(((((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(dimethylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-ethynyl-4-fluoro-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino) propanoate (2)

To a solution of compound 1 (30 mg, 0.09 mmol) in dry THF (2.0 mL) was added tert-butylmagnesium chloride (1 N in THF) (125 μL, 0.13 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The solution was stirred for 15 mins at 0° C., and for 45 mins at room temperature (RT). The reaction mixture was cooled down to 0° C., and a solution of isopropyl ((R,S)-(pentafluorophenoxy)-phenoxy-phosphoryl)-L-alaninate (49 mg, 0.11 mmol) in dry THF (1.0 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting solution was slowly warmed to RT and stirred for 15 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (8 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was back-extracted with EtOAc (2×5 mL). The combined organics were washed with saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (10 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 0 to 10%) and by reverse phase column chromatography (C-18 silica, H₂O/MeOH 0 to 100%). Product 2 (12 mg, 22%) was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.79 (s, 0.5H), 7.77 (s, 0.5H), 7.36-7.14 (m, 5H), 6.28 (d, J=17.4 Hz) and 6.26 (d, J=17.5 Hz, 1H), 5.00-4.44 (m, 5H), 4.23-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.42 (bs, 3H), 3.40 (bs, 3H), 1.32-1.26 (m, 3H), 1.20-1.15 (m, 6H). ³¹P NMR (121 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.04 (s), 3.98 (s). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₂₆H₃₄FN₇O₇P [M+H]⁺ 606.2; found 606.2.

Preparation of (2S)-Isopropyl 2-(((((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(methylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-ethynyl-4-fluoro-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)phosphoryl)-amino) Propanoate (4)

To a solution of compound 3 (30 mg, 0.09 mmol) in dry THF (2.0 mL) was added tert-butylmagnesium chloride (1 N in THF) (112 μL, 0.11 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The solution was stirred for 15 mins at 0° C., and for 45 mins at RT. The reaction mixture was cooled down to 0° C. and a solution of isopropyl ((R,S)-(pentafluorophenoxy)-phenoxy-phosphoryl)-L-alaninate (51 mg, 0.11 mmol) in dry THF (1.0 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting solution was slowly warmed to RT and stirred for 15 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (8 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was back-extracted with EtOAc (2×5 mL). The combined organics were washed with saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (10 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 0 to 10%) and by reverse phase column chromatography (C-18 silica, H₂O/MeOH 0 to 100%). Product 4 (9 mg, 16%) was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.81, 7.79 (s+s, 1H), 7.36-7.14 (m, 5H), 6.26 (d, J=17.4 Hz, 0.1H), 6.24 (d, J=17.4 Hz, 0.9H), 4.93-4.89 (overlapped with H₂O, m, 1H), 4.80-4.78 (m, 1H), 4.53-4.49 (m, 2H), 4.21-4.18 (m, 1H), 3.95-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.23-3.20 (m, 1H), 3.04 (bs, 1H), 1.31-1.14 (m, 9H). ³¹P NMR (121 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.06 (s), 3.97 (s). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₂₅H₃₂FN₇O₇P [M+H]⁺ 592.2, found 592.2.

Preparation of (2S)-Isopropyl 2-(((((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-ethynyl-4-fluoro-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino) propanoate (6)

To a solution of compound 5 (30 mg, 0.09 mmol) in dry THF (3.0 mL) was added tert-butylmagnesium chloride (1 N in THF) (120 μL, 0.12 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The solution was stirred for 15 mins at 0° C., and for 45 mins at RT. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and a solution of isopropyl ((R,S)-(pentafluorophenoxy)-phenoxy-phosphoryl)-L-alaninate (47 mg, 0.10 mmol) in dry THF (1.0 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting solution was slowly warmed to RT and stirred for 15 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (8 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was back-extracted with EtOAc (2×5 mL). The combined organics were washed with saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (10 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 0 to 10%) and by reverse phase column chromatography (C-18 silica, H₂O/MeOH 0 to 100%). Product 6 (19 mg, 35%) was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.82, 7.79 (s+s, 1H), 7.44-7.17 (m, 5H), 6.26 (d, J=17.1 Hz), 6.24 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 4.93-4.89 (overlapped with H₂O, m, 1H), 4.79-4.46 (m, 3H), 4.24-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.25-3.22 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.89 (m, 1H), 1.31-1.14 (m, 9H), 0.85-0.82 (m, 2H), 0.63-0.57 (m, 2H). ³¹P NMR (121 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.03 (s), 3.94 (s). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₂₇H₃₄FN₇O₇P [M+H]⁺ 618.2; found 618.2.

Example 6. Synthesis of β-D-2′-α-Hydroxy-2′-β-methyl-N₆-substituted-2,6-diaminopurine Nucleotides

Step 1. Preparation of Compound 151

To a pre-cooled (0° C.) solution containing 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-benzoyl-2-C-methyl-D-ribofuranose, 150, (2.50 g, 4.3 mmol), 2-amino-6-chloropurine (0.8 g, 4.68 mmol), 1,8-diazabicycl[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) (1.94 g, 12.75 mmol) and anhydrous acetonitrile (50 mL), trimethylsilyl triflate (3.8 g, 17.2 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 4 h, allowed to cool to room temperature, poured into saturated aqueous sodium (150 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×100 mL). The combined organic fractions were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified over silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate (4:1) as the eluent to afford 151 (3.5 g, 73%) as a colorless foam.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 8.04 (ddt, J=22.8, 6.9, 1.4 Hz, 4H), 7.98-7.83 (m, 3H), 7.74-7.59 (m, 3H), 7.63-7.46 (m, 4H), 7.40 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (s, 2H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 5.97 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.92-4.75 (m, 3H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 2.74 (s, 3H), 1.61 (s, 3H).

Step 2. Preparation of Compound 152

A solution containing 151 (0.65 g, 1.03 mmol) and saturated methanolic ammonia (15 mL) was stirred in a sealed container for 7 h. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified on silica gel using methanol/DCM (1:40) as the eluent. Fractions containing the product were pooled and concentrated in vacuo to afford 152 (0.30 g, 92%) as a colorless powder.

Step 3. Preparation of Compound 106

To a solution containing 152 (0.3 g, 1.0 mmol) and 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) was added methylamine solution (1 mL). The reaction was stirred for 2 h and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified on silica gel using methanol/DCM (1:40) as the eluent. Fractions containing the product were pooled and concentrated in vacuo to afford 106 (0.150 g, 500/%) as a colorless powder.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 5.89 (s, 2H), 5.79 (s, 1H), 5.20 (dd, J=6.2, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 5.05 (s, 1H), 4.11 (q, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.08-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.89-3.77 (m, 2H), 3.66 (ddd, J=12.2, 5.4, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 3H), 0.79 (s, 3H).

Step 4. Preparation of Compound 107

(2S)-Isopropyl 2-(((((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(methylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino) Propanoate (107)

To a solution of compound 106 (55 mg, 0.18 mmol) in dry DMF (4.0 mL) was added tert-butylmagnesium chloride (1 N in THF) (265 μL, 0.27 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The solution was stirred for 15 mins at 0° C., and for 45 mins at RT. The reaction mixture was cooled down to 0° C., and a solution of isopropyl ((R,S)-(pentafluorophenoxy)-phenoxy-phosphoryl)-L-alaninate (105 mg, 0.23 mmol) in dry THF (2.0 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting solution was slowly warmed up to RT and stirred for 15 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (15 mL) and saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (10 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was back-extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organics were washed with saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (15 mL) and brine (15 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 0 to 10%) and by reverse phase column chromatography (C-18 silica, H₂O/MeOH 0 to 100%). Product 107 (23 mg, 22%) was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.38-7.16 (m, 5H), 5.96-5.93 (s+s, 1H), 4.97-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.63-4.42 (m, 2H), 4.26-4.15 (m, 2H), 3.98-3.87 (m, 1H), 3.06 (s, 3H), 1.33-1.29 (m, 3H), 1.22-1.15 (m, 6H), 0.98-0.95 (s+s, 3H). ³¹P NMR (121 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.18 (s), 4.05 (s). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₂₄H₃₅N₇O₈P [M+H]⁺ 580.2; found 580.2.

Step 5. Preparation of Compound 100

To a solution containing 152 (0.3 g, 1.0 mmol) and 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) was added dimethylamine solution (1 mL). The reaction was stirred for 2 h and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified on silica gel using methanol/DCM (1:40) as the eluent. Fractions containing the product were pooled and concentrated in vacuo to afford 100 (0.200 g, 70%) as a colorless powder.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.10 (s, 1H), 5.95 (s, 1H), 4.24 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.08-3.99 (m, 2H), 3.91-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.42 (s, 6H), 3.37 (s, 2H), 0.95 (s, 3H).

Step 6. Preparation of Compound 101

(2S)-Isopropyl 2-(((((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(dimethylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl-3,4-dihydroxy-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino) Propanoate (101)

To a solution of compound 100 (30 mg, 0.09 mmol) in dry THF (2.0 mL) was added tert-butylmagnesium chloride (1 N in THF) (130 μL, 0.13 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The solution was stirred for 15 mins at 0° C., and for 45 mins at RT. The reaction mixture was cooled down to 0° C. and a solution of isopropyl ((R,S)-(pentafluorophenoxy)-phenoxy-phosphoryl)-L-alaninate (46 mg, 0.11 mmol) in dry THF (1.0 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting solution was slowly warmed up to RT and stirred for 15 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (8 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was back-extracted with EtOAc (2×5 mL). The combined organics were washed with saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (10 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 0 to 100%) and by reverse phase column chromatography (C-18 silica, H₂O/MeOH 0 to 100%). Product 101 (30 mg, 55%) was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.81, 7.80 (s+s, 1H), 7.37-7.15 (m, 5H), 5.97, 5.95 (s+s, 1H), 4.96-4.88 (overlapped with H₂O, m, 1H), 4.60-4.42 (m, 2H), 4.19-3.90 (m, 3H), 3.41 (1s, 6H), 1.33-1.15 (m, 10H), 0.96, 0.93 (s+s, 3H). ³¹P NMR (121 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.16 (s), 4.07 (s). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₂₅H₃₇N₇O₈P [M+H]⁺ 594.2; found 594.2.

Example 7. Synthesis of (2S)-Isopropyl 2-(((((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(cyclopropyl(methyl)amino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate (103)

Step 1. Preparation of (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-(2-Amino-6-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-((benzoyloxy)methyl)-3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl dibenzoate (151)

To a suspension of 2-amino-6-chloropurine (1.17 g, 6.90 mmol) in dry acetonitrile (100 mL) was added N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (2.50 mL, 10.20 mmol). The mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h. The resulting solution was cooled down to RT and 150 (2.00 g, 3.45 mmol) was added. The solution was cooled down to 0° C., and TMSOTf (1.87 mL, 10.20 mmol) was added dropwise over 2 mins. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 2 h, cooled to RT and concentrated. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL) and saturated NaHCO₃ aq. solution (80 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was back-extracted with EtOAc (2×40 mL). The combined organics were washed with saturated NaHCO₃ aq. solution (100 mL), brine (100 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, PE/EtOAc 10 to 80%). Product 151 (1.75 g, 81%) was obtained as a white foam.

Step 2. Preparation of (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-(2-Amino-6-(cyclopropyl(methyl)amino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (102)

To a suspension of compound 151 (610 mg, 0.97 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was added N-methylcyclopropylamine hydrochloride (313 mg, 2.91 mmol) and triethylamine (410 μL, 2.91 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. in a sealed container for 15 h and cooled to RT. Then, 300/% NH₄OH (5 mL) was added and the mixture was heated at 100° C. in a sealed container for 2 h. The solution was cooled to RT and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 0 to 15%). Product 102 (245 mg, 72%) was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.14 (s, 1H), 5.94 (s, 1H), 4.21 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.02-3.98 (m, 2H), 3.83 (dd, J=3.0, 12.9 Hz, 1H), 3.31 (overlapped with MeOH, s, 3H), 3.16-3.09 (m, 1H), 0.93-0.90 (m, 5H), 0.72-0.69 (m, 2H). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₅H₂₃N₆O₄ [M+H]⁺ 351.2; found 351.2.

Step 3. Preparation of (2S)-Isopropyl 2-(((((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(cyclopropyl(methyl)amino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)phenoxy)phosphoryl) amino) propanoate (103)

To a solution of compound 102 (60 mg, 0.17 mmol) in dry THF (4.0 mL) was added tert-butylmagnesium chloride (1 N in THF) (240 μL, 0.24 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The solution was stirred for 15 mins at 0° C., and for 45 mins at RT. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and a solution of isopropyl ((R,S)-(pentafluorophenoxy)-phenoxy-phosphoryl)-L-alaninate (85 mg, 0.19 mmol) in dry THF (1.5 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting solution was slowly warmed up to RT and stirred for 15 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (8 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was back-extracted with EtOAc (2×5 mL). The combined organics were washed with saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (10 mL), brine (10 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 0 to 10%) and by reverse phase column chromatography (C-18 silica, H₂O/MeOH 0 to 100%). Product 103 (51 mg, 48%) was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.84 (s+s, 1H), 7.35-7.15 (m, 5H), 5.98, 5.96 (s+s, 1H), 4.95-4.86 (overlapped with H₂O, m, 1H), 4.60-4.43 (m, 2H), 4.24-4.14 (m, 2H), 3.96-3.87 (m, 1H), 3.35, 3.34 (s+s, 3H), 3.17-3.11 (m, 1H), 1.32-1.27 (m, 3H), 1.20-1.15 (m, 6H), 0.97-0.90 (m, 5H), 0.73-0.69 (m, 2H). ³¹P NMR (121 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.06 (s), 3.97 (s). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₂₇H₃₉N₇O₈P [M+H]⁺ 620.3; found 620.2.

Example 8. Synthesis of (2S)-Isopropyl 2-(((((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino) propanoate (105)

Step 1. Preparation of (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-(2-Amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (104)

To a suspension of compound 151 (1.00 g, 1.59 mmol) in MeOH (40 mL) was added cyclopropylamine (1.45 mL, 20.67 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 100° C. in a sealed container for 15 h and cooled to RT. Then, 30% NH₄OH (5 mL) was added and the mixture was heated at 100° C. in a sealed container for 3 h. The solution was cooled to RT and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 0 to 20%). Product 104 (438 mg, 82%) was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.09 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 1H), 4.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.04-3.99 (, m, 1H), 3.87 (dd, J=3.3, 12.6 Hz, 1H), 2.92-2.90 (m, 1H), 0.94 (s, 3H), 0.85-0.82 (m, 2H), 0.62-0.60 (m, 2H). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₄H₂₁N₆O₄ [M+H]⁺ 337.2. found 337.2.

Step 2. Preparation of (2S)-Isopropyl 2-(((((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino) propanoate (105)

To a solution of compound 104 (104 mg, 0.31 mmol) in dry THF (6.0 mL) was added tert-butylmagnesium chloride (1 N in THF) (430 μL, 0.43 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The solution was stirred for 15 mins at 0° C., and for 45 mins at RT. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and a solution of isopropyl ((R,S)-(pentafluorophenoxy)-phenoxy-phosphoryl)-L-alaninate (154 mg, 0.34 mmol) in dry THF (2.5 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting solution was slowly warmed to RT and stirred for 15 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL) and saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (15 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was back-extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organics were washed with saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 0 to 100%) and by reverse phase column chromatography (C-18 silica, H₂O/MeOH 0 to 100%). Product 105 (75 mg, 40%) was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.36-7.17 (m, 5H), 5.95-5.92 (s+s, 1H), 4.97-4.84 (overlapped with H₂O, m, 1H), 4.60-4.44 (m, 2H), 4.25-4.16 (m, 2H), 3.95-3.86 (m, 1H), 2.94-2.87 (m, 1H), 1.31-1.28 (m, 3H), 1.20-1.14 (m, 6H), 0.97-0.94 (s+s, 3H), 0.86-0.83 (m, 2H), 0.63-0.56 (m, 2H). ³P NMR (121 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.00 (s), 3.92 (s). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₂₆H₃₇N₇O₈P [M+H]⁺ 606.2; found 606.2.

Example 9. Synthesis of (S)-Isopropyl 2-(((S)-(((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(methylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)-amino) Propanoate (201)

Step 1. Preparation of (2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-Amino-6-(methylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-2-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydrofuran-3-ol (200)

Compound 250 can be prepared according to Tuttle, J. V. et al., “Purine 2′-Deoxy-2′-fluororibosides as Antiinfluenza Virus Agents”, J. Med. Chem., 36:119-125 (1992). A solution of compound 250 (5.2 g, 17.3 mmol) in methylamine (33% in EtOH) (150 mL) was heated at 85° C. in a sealed container for 3 h, cooled to RT and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 0 to 15%). The product, 200, (4.9 g, 95%) was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.30 (bs, NH), 6.06 (dd, J=3.3, 16.5 Hz, 1H), 5.93 (bs, NH₂), 5.68 (bs, OH), 5.32 (dt, J=53.1, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (bs, OH), 4.40 (dt, J=16.8, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.96-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.56 (m, 2H), 2.89 (bs, 3H). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₁H₁₆FN₆O₃ [M+H]⁺ 299.1; found 299.2.

Step 2. Preparation of (S)-Isopropyl 2-(((S)-(((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(methylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino) propanoate (201)

To a solution of compound 200 (70 mg, 0.23 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL) was added tert-butylmagnesium chloride (1 N in THF) (310 μL, 0.31 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The solution was stirred for 20 mins at 0° C., and for 40 mins at RT. The reaction mixture was cooled to −10° C., and a solution of isopropyl ((S)-(pentafluorophenoxy)-phenoxy-phosphoryl)-L-alaninate (118 mg, 0.27 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting solution was slowly warmed to 10° C., and stirred for 15 h at this temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL) and saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (15 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was back-extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organics were washed with saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 0 to 10%) and by reverse phase column chromatography (C-18 silica, H₂O/MeOH 0 to 100%). Product 201 (22 mg, 17%) was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.33-7.13 (m, 5H), 6.13 (dd, J=18.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (ddd, J=52.9, 4.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.88 (m, 1H), 4.81-4.68 (m, 1H), 4.46 (ddd, J=11.5, 6.3, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (m, 1H), 4.20 (m, 1H), 3.87 (dq, J=9.6, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 1.28 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.18 (d, J=6.2 Hz), 1.16 (d, J=6.2 Hz). ³¹P NMR (121 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 2.40 (s). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₂₃H₃₂FN₇O₇P [M+H]⁺ 568.2; found 568.2.

Example 10. Synthesis of (S)-Isopropyl 2-(((S)-(((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(dimethylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino) propanoate (203)

Step 1. Preparation of (2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-Amino-6-(dimethylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-ol (202)

To a solution of compound 250 (10.5 g, 35 mmol) in EtOH (220 mL) was added dimethylamine hydrochloride (14.0 g, 173 mmol) and triethylamine (24.0 mL, 173 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. in a sealed container for 3 h, cooled to room temperature (RT) and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 0 to 10%). The product, 202, (10.8 g, 99%) was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-D₆) δ 7.97 (s, 1H), 6.07 (dd, J=3.0, 16.5 Hz, 1H), 5.91 (bs, NH₂), 5.66 (bs, OH), 5.27 (dt, J=53.1, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 5.25 (t, J=5.4 Hz, OH), 4.44-4.33 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.92 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.34 (s, overlapped with H₂O, 6H). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₂H₁₈FN₆O₃ [M+H]⁺ 313.1; found 313.2.

Step 2. Preparation of (S)-Isopropyl 2-(((S)-(((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(dimethylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino) propanoate (203)

To a solution of compound 202 (70 mg, 0.22 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL) was added tert-butylmagnesium chloride (I N in THF) (305 μL, 0.31 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The solution was stirred for 20 mins at 0° C., and for 40 mins at RT. The reaction mixture was cooled to −10° C., and a solution of isopropyl ((3)-(pentafluorophenoxy)-phenoxy-phosphoryl)-L-alaninate (116 mg, 0.27 mmol) in dry DMF (3 mL) was added dropwise. The resulting solution was slowly warmed up to 10° C., and stirred for 15 h at this temperature. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc (20 mL) and saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (15 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was back-extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organics were washed with saturated NH₄Cl aq. solution (20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 0 to 10%) and by reverse phase column chromatography (C-18 silica, H₂O/MeOH 0 to 100%). Product 203 (27 mg, 21%) was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.33-7.13 (m, 5H), 6.14 (dd, J=18.7, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (ddd, J=53.0, 4.6, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.95-4.89 (m, 1H), 4.72 (ddd, J=19.7, 7.6, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (ddd, J=11.5, 6.2, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (ddd, J=10.8, 5.9, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (m, 1H), 3.88 (dq, J=9.7, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (s, 6H), 1.28 (dd, J=7.1, 0.6 Hz, 3H), 1.18 (d, J=6.2 Hz), 1.17 (d, J=6.3 Hz). ³¹P NMR (121 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 2.41 (s). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₂₄H₃₄FN₇O₇P [M+H]⁺ 582.2; found 582.2.

Example 11. Synthesis of (2S)-Isopropyl 2-(((S)-(((1R,3R,4S,5R)-3-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methylcyclopentyl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate (Compound 204)

Step 1. Preparation of ((3aR,4R,6R,6aS)-6-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,2,5-trimethyltetrahydro-3aH-cyclopenta [d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methanol (212)

To a solution of Compound 206 (32 mg, 0.115 mmol) in acetone (5.0 mL) was added 2,2-dimethoxypropane (300 μL, 2.30 mmol) and concentrated H₂SO₄ (1 drop). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT. Then, triethylamine (100 μL) was added and the solvent were removed. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 100:0 to 90:10) to afford Compound 212 (33 mg, 0.102 mmol, 890/%) as a white solid.

Step 2. Preparation of (2S)-Isopropyl 2-(((S)-(((3aR,4R,6R,6aS)-6-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,2,5-trimethyltetrahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl) amino)propanoate (213)

To a solution of Compound 212 (32 mg, 0.10 mmol) in dry THF (2 mL) at 0° C. was added tert-butyl magnesium chloride (1.0 M in THF, 150 μL, 0.15 mmol) dropwise over 10 min. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at 0° C., and then for an additional 15 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. before a solution of isopropyl ((S)-(pentafluorophenoxy)-phenoxy-phosphoryl)-L-alaninate (61 mg, 0.14 mmol) dissolved in dry THF (1 mL) was added dropwise over 10 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and 18 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with a saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (4 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×5 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 100:0 to 90:10) to afford Compound 213 (26 mg, 0.04 mmol, 44%) as a white solid.

Step 3. (2S)-Isopropyl 2-(((S)-(((1R,3R,4S,5R)-3-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methylcyclopentyl)methoxy)(phenoxy)phosphoryl)amino)propanoate (204)

Compound 213 (26 mg, 0.04 mmol) was treated with a solution of HCl (2 N in 2-propanol) (3 mL) for 30 mins at 0° C., and for 2 h at RT. The reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, DCM/MeOH 100:0 to 90:10) and by reverse phase column chromatography (C-18 silica, H₂O/MeOH 100:0 to 0:100). Compound 204 (mixture of 2 diastereoisomers, 6 mg, 0.01 mmol, 25% yield) was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.25-8.09 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.14 (m, 5H), 5.05-4.90 (m, 1H, overlapped with H₂O), 4.63-4.20 (m, 4H), 4.11-3.84 (m, 2H), 2.91-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.18 (m, 9H), 1.00 (d, J=6.7 Hz) and 0.57 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 3H), 31P NMR (121 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 2.14 (s), 2.09 (s). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C24H34N6O7P [M+H]+ 549.2; found 549.2.

Example 12. Preparation of isopropyl ((((R,S)-(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(methylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-3-hydroxy-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)-phenoxy-phosphoryl)-L-alaninate (205)

Step 1. Preparation of ((2R,3R,4R,5R)-3-(benzoyloxy)-5-bromo-4-fluoro-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl Benzoate (215)

To a solution of (2R)-3,5-di-O-benzoyl-2-fluoro-2-C-methyl-D-ribono-γ-lactone (214, 24.8 g, 66.6 mmol) in dry THF (333 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere and cooled to −30° C., was added lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride (1.0 M in THF, 22.6 mL, 22.6 mmol) dropwise. After completion of the addition the reaction mixture was slowly warmed up to −15° C. over 90 minutes. EtOAc was added (300 mL) and the mixture was quenched with a saturated aq. NH₄Cl solution (200 mL). The resulting solution was filtered on Celite® and the filtrate was extracted twice with EtOAc. The combined organics were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was taken up in dry DCM (225 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere, cooled to −20° C., and PPh₃ (19.1 g, 72.8 mmol) was added. After 10 min of stirring at −20° C., CBr₄ (26.0 g, 78.4 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to 0° C. over 2 h. The resulting mixture was poured onto a silica gel column and eluted with PE/EtOAc (gradient 100:0 to 80:20). The fractions containing the α-bromofuranoside were collected and concentrated to afford the product 215 (18.1 g, 41.3 mmol, 62% over two steps) as a thick colorless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.15-8.11 (m, 2H), 8.04-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.64-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.41 (m, 4H), 6.34 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (dd, J=5.5, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 4.89-4.85 (m, 1H), 4.78 (dd, J=12.5, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (dd, 0.1=12.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.72 (d, J=21.6 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −150.0.

Step 2. Preparation of (2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-(benzoyloxymethyl)-4-fluoro-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl benzoate (216)

2-Amino-6-chloropurine (2.63 g, 15.5 mmol) was suspended in t-BuOH (54 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was heated to 30° C., and potassium tert-butoxide (1.69 g, 15.1 mmol) was added. After 45 minutes, a solution of bromofuranoside 2 (2.24 g, 5.12 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous MeCN (6 mL) was added, the reaction mixture was heated to 65° C. for 16 h, and then cooled to room temperature. Saturated aq. NH₄Cl solution (70 mL) was added and the resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc (3×60 mL). The combined organics were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified twice by column chromatography (gradient PE/EtOAc 80:20 to 0:100 then 60:40 to 20:80) to afford the product 216 (1.56 g, 2.96 mmol, 57%) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.05-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.95-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.63-7.57 (m, 1H), 7.53-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.35-7.30 (m, 2H), 6.43 (dd, J=22.6, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 6.12 (d, J=18.3 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (br s, 2H), 5.00 (dd, J=11.9, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.79-4.73 (m, 1H), 4.60 (dd, J=11.9, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 1.34 (d, J=22.6 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −157.0. MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₂₅H₂₂FN₅O₅ [M+H]⁺ 526.9; found 527.0.

Step 3. Preparation of (2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(methylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-ol (217)

To a solution of compound 216 (575 mg, 1.09 mmol) in MeOH (9 mL) was added methylamine (33% in absolute EtOH, 1.7 mL, 1.81 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to 85° C. in a sealed tube for 16 h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (gradient DCM/MeOH 100:0 to 85:15) and reverse phase column chromatography (gradient H₂O/MeOH 100:0 to 0:100) to afford the product 217 (286 mg, 0.91 mmol, 84%) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.06 (s, 1H), 6.11 (d, J=18.1 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (dd, J=24.4, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.07-4.01 (m, 2H), 3.86 (dd, J=12.9, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (br s, 3H), 1.16 (d, J=22.3 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, CD₃OD) δ −163.7. MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₂H₁₉FN₆O₃ [M+H]⁺ 313.1; found 313.2.

Step 4. Preparation of isopropyl ((((R,S)-(2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-(methylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-3-hydroxy-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)-phenoxy-phosphoryl)-L-alaninate (205)

To a solution of compound 217 (114 mg, 365 μmol) in dry THF (4 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere and cooled to 0° C. was added t-butyl magnesium chloride (1.0 M in THF, 0.66 mL, 660 μmol) dropwise over 10 min. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at 0° C., and then another 15 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. before a solution of isopropyl ((R,S)-(pentafluorophenoxy)-phenoxy-phosphoryl)-L-alaninate, Ross, B. S., Reddy, P. G., Zhang, H. R., Rachakonda, S., and Sofia, M. J., J. Org, Chem., (2011), (253 mg, 558 μmol) dissolved in dry THF (1 mL) was added dropwise over 10 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min followed by 18 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with a saturated aq. NH₄Cl solution (4 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×5 mL). The combined organics were dried, filtered (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (gradient DCM/MeOH 100:0 to 90:10) and reverse phase column chromatography (gradient H₂O/MeOH 100:0 to 0:100) to afford product 205 (a mixture of diastereomers, 101 mg, 174 μmol, 48%) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.83 (s, 0.55H), 7.82 (s, 0.45H), 7.38-7.16 (m, 5H), 6.15 (d, J=18.5 Hz, 0.45 H), (d, J=18.8 Hz, 0.55 H), 4.99-4.88 (overlapped with H₂O, m, 1H), 4.65-4.36 (m, 3H), 4.25-4.17 (m, 1H), 3.97-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.05 (br s, 3H), 1.32-1.28 (m, 3H), 1.25-1.15 (m, 9H). ¹⁹F NMR (282 MHz, CD₃OD) δ−162.8 (s), −163.3 (s). ³¹P NMR (121 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.10 (s), 3.99 (s). MS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₂₄H₃₄FN₇O₇P [M+H]⁺ 582.2; found 582.2.

Table 2 illustrates the structures of compounds 207, 208, 209, and 210 along with the corresponding mass spectra and ¹H NMR for the respective compounds. Compounds were synthesized via the general method shown in Example 4.

TABLE 2 Mass Spectra and ¹H NMR of Compounds 207, 208, 209, and 210 Compd No. Structure ¹H NMR and Mass Spectra 207

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.11 (s, 1H), 6.29 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (dd, J = 21.7, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.10-4.01 (m, 2H), 3.87 (dd, J = 13.1, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (s, 1H), 3.24- 3.11 (m, 2H), 1.00-0.87 (m, 2H), 0.74 (td, J = 4.6, 2.8 Hz, 2H). [M + H]⁺ = 363.0 208

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.16 (s, 1H), 6.30 (d, J = 16.8 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (dd, J = 21.6, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 4.10-4.01 (m, 2H), 3.87 (dd, J = 12.9, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 3.23 (s, 2H), 3.22 (s, 1H), 3.00 (tt, J = 7.0, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 1.21 (s, 4H), 1.03-0.86 (m, 4H), 0.77 (dt, J = 5.5, 3.4 Hz, 4H). [M + H]⁺ = 389.0 209

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.05 (s, 1H), 6.25 (d, J = 16.9 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (dd, J = 21.8, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (s, 1H), 4.11-4.01 (m, 2H), 3.87 (dd, J = 13.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (s, 2H), 3.21 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.14- 2.01 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.64 (m, 1H), 1.60 (s, 1H), 1.68-1.50 (m, 1H). [M + H]⁺ = 377.0 210

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) δ 8.08 (s, 1H), 6.28 (d, J = 16.7 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (dd, J = 21.7, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.10-4.01 (m, 2H), 3.99 (s, 2H), 3.87 (dd, J = 13.1, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (s, 1H), 3.19 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.03 (s, 4H). [M + H]⁺ = 363.1

Example 13. Non-Limiting Examples of Compounds of the Present Invention

Compounds of the present invention include those in Table 3 and Table 4. Compound number, structure and molecular weight of illustrative compounds of the invention are also shown.

TABLE 3 Compounds of the Present Invention Cmpd No. Structure MW 1

336.3 2

605.6 3

322.3 4

591.5 5

348.3 6

617.6 100

324.3 101

593.6 102

350.4 103

619.6 104

336.4 105

605.6 106

310.3 107

579.5 200

298.3 201

567.5 202

312.3 203

581.5

TABLE 4 Additional Compounds of the Present Invention 204

205

206

207

208

209

210

Example 14. Compounds of the Present Invention are Active Against Dengue Virus Type 2 and Yellow Fever Virus

Compounds of the present invention were measured for activity against Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) and Yellow Fever (YFV). Inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effects (CPE) and cell viability following YFV replication in BHK21 cells were measured by XTT tetrazolium dye staining. Cells (3×103 cells per well) were seeded in 98-well flat-bottom tissue culture plates and allowed to adhere overnight. Following overnight incubation, diluted test compounds and virus diluted to a pre-determined titer to yield 85 to 95% cell killing at 6 days post-infection were added to the plate. Following incubation at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for six days, cell viability was measured by XTT staining. The optical density of the cell culture plate was determined spectrophotometrically at 450 and 650 nm using Softmax Pro 4.6 software. Percent CPE reduction of the virus-infected wells and the percent cell viability of uninfected drug control wells were calculated to determine the EC₅₀ values using four parameter curve fit analysis.

Results are presented in Table 5. Compound 205 is the most potent compound with an EC₅₀ of 0.8 μM in the DENV-2 assay and an EC₅₀ value of 1.2 μM in the YFV assay.

TABLE 5 Activity of Selected Compounds against DENV-2 and YFV DENV-2 YFV Compd EC₅₀ EC₅₀ No. Structure (μM) (μM) 2

72.5 12.6 4

612.0 7.0 6

42.0   4.4/6 204

>2.1 >2.1 205

0.8 1.2 206

1.83 2.3

This specification has been described with reference to embodiments of the invention. Given the teaching herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to modify the invention for a desired purpose and such variations are considered within the scope of the invention. 

We claim:
 1. A method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIIe or Formula IVe:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to treat a host in need thereof infected with a Flaviviridae virus; wherein: R¹ is methyl; R² is hydrogen or —C(O)R^(3C); and R³ is hydrogen,

a carbonyl linked amino acid, or —C(O)R^(3C); R^(3A) is selected from O⁻, OH, an —O-aryl, an —O-heteroaryl, or a heterocyclyl; R^(3B) is selected from O⁻, OH, an N-linked amino acid or an N-linked amino acid ester; R^(3C) is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —(C₀-C₂)(cycloalkyl), —(C₀-C₂)(heterocyclo), —(C₀-C₂)(aryl), —(C₀-C₂)(heteroaryl), —O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O-alkynyl, —O—(C₀-C₂)(cycloalkyl), —O—(C₀-C₂)(heterocyclo), —O—(C₀-C₂)(aryl), or —O—(C₀-C₂)(heteroaryl); R⁵ is —C(O)R^(3C); R⁶ is hydrogen; R⁷ is C₁₋₆alkyl, C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, or aryl; R⁸ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl; R^(9a) and R^(9b) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl and aryl(C₁₋₃alkyl)-; R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆haloalkyl, or C₃₋₇cycloalkyl; R¹¹ is C₁₋₆alkyl, cycloalkyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, or acyl; R²² is —NR⁵R⁶.
 2. The method of claim 1 comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula IIIe:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein R¹ is methyl and R² is —C(O)R^(3C).
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein R^(3C) is alkyl or —O-alkyl.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein R³ is hydrogen.
 6. The method of claim 3, wherein R⁷ is aryl.
 7. The method of claim 3, wherein R⁸ is hydrogen.
 8. The method of claim 3, wherein R¹⁰ is C₁-C₆alkyl.
 9. The method of claim 3, wherein R⁷ is phenyl; R⁸ is hydrogen; R^(9a) and R^(9b) are independently selected from methyl and hydrogen; and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein: R⁷ is phenyl; R⁸ is hydrogen; R^(9a) is methyl; R^(9b) is hydrogen; R¹⁰ is isopropyl; and the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.
 11. The method of claim 1 comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula IVe:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein R¹ is methyl and R² is hydrogen.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein R²² is —NR⁵R⁶; R⁵ is —C(O)R^(3C); R⁶ is hydrogen; and R^(3C) is alkyl or —O-alkyl.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein R^(3C) is —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CH₂CH₃—C(O)CH(CH₃)₂, —C(O)OCH₃, —C(O)OC₂H₅, —C(O)OC₃H₇, —C(O)OC₄H₉, and —C(O)OC₅H₁₁.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein R^(3C) is —C(O)OC₅H₁₁.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein: R⁷ is phenyl; R⁸ is hydrogen; R^(9a) is methyl; R^(9b) is hydrogen; R¹⁰ is isopropyl; and the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein R³ is hydrogen.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein R⁷ is aryl.
 19. The method of claim 11, wherein R⁸ is hydrogen.
 20. The method of claim 11, wherein R¹⁰ is C₁-C₆alkyl.
 21. The method of claim 11, wherein R⁷ is phenyl; R⁸ is hydrogen; R^(9a) and Rb are independently selected from methyl and hydrogen; and R¹⁰ is isopropyl.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein: R⁷ is phenyl; R⁸ is hydrogen; R^(9a) is methyl; R^(9b) is hydrogen; R¹⁰ is isopropyl; and the phosphoramidate is in the L-configuration.
 23. The method of claim 2, wherein the virus is selected from Dengue fever, West Nile fever, Yellow fever, Zika virus, BVDV and Border Disease virus.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the host is a human.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the virus is Dengue fever.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the host is a human.
 27. The method of claim 3, wherein the virus is selected from Dengue fever, West Nile fever, Yellow fever, Zika virus, BVDV and Border Disease virus.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the host is a human.
 29. The method of claim 27, wherein the virus is Dengue fever.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the host is a human. 